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전기전자기초실험 Audio Amplifier Circuit Design 결과보고서(영문)

Report Topic : Audio Amplifier Circuit Design● Power Supply for an Audio Amplifier① Record the data and answer to the questions according to each step.ⅰ. The Transformer- Graph Vout using oscilloscope(Check Max, Min)- Record Max/Min value of VoutThe TransformerThe signal is sinusoidal signal which is forming as sin function. The maximum and minimum value of voltage are about 20V, -20V in order. As thinking of the estimation error we can notice that there is a gap between theoretical value and experimental value. Actually the Vp-p is 39.2V which is not 40V. There is a loss as 0.8V. The root mean square voltage (Vrms) is 12.8V. Furthermore there is a difference between theoretical form and experimental form. It looks like almost sin function, but it is not a same. we can consider that 'why happens the difference form?'. Clearly we can explain the reason as following paragraph.- Observe that Vout is not an exact sinusoidal wave, and think of the reason.By observing the oscilloscope screencation. It changes the AC voltage source with the DC voltage source.- What's the capacitor in fig 6-7?Capacitor stacks the half-wave signal which is flowing periodically. After that it release the signal as DC. But the ripple is represented. When using the different value of capacitor, we can observe the different form of ripple.- Graph Vout in fig 6-6 and fig 6-7 using oscilloscope. (To observe the ripple clearly, use 100uF, 10uF capacitor instead of 2200uF)2200uF capacitor100uF capacitor10uF capacitorWhen using the small value of the capacitor, the scale of the ripple was increased.- Discuss if these results have to do with R, C element.The circuit that load is added connected the sub-circuit which consists of the capacitor and resistor. Because of the point the difference of the voltages and the difference of the ripple's form from the results can be explained.ⅲ. Adding the Linear Voltage Regulator- Graph Vout(V_reg).(Get mean value of Vout and ripple effect)Adding the Linear Voltagcircuit? Why does it have low efficiency.We find out the voltage on the 50from the experiment. The power is= 0.51[W]. The current and voltage which are on the 1are 0.18A in order. The power is about= 2.15 [W]. The typical reason of the low efficiency is heat. The heat makes the loss of device efficiency. When the input source is bigger than output source, there should be heat which is preventing the overflowing of the circuit.② Compare PSPICE simulation and actual result, and analyze them.- The half wave rectifying circuit signalActual Result: Adding in the Bridge RectifierAt the voltage node, we confirm the rectified half wave signal which is shown on the picture.- The signal with ripplePSPICE simulation: 2200uF capacitorActual Result: 2200uF capacitorPSPICE simulation: 100uF capacitorActual Result: 100uF capacitorPSPICE simulation: 10uF capacitorActual Result: 10uF capacitorThe ripple wave can be found on the graph as like the wave. For checking the ripple wave the circuit should be from the wave. These reasons couldn't make the wave exact form of sinusoidal wave. Otherwise it might be influenced by signal noise, voltage dropping and so on. All these things makes error of the result and estimation. Generally internal resistance, unnoticeable wire's resistance and unskillful operation also can be the reason.④ Discuss the method of getting better efficiency on AC/DC converter.Good efficiency means one versus one ratio of the input power and output power. For the situation, we added the capacitor on the bridge rectifier as like upper pic. The big capacitor also makes the efficient AC/DC converter. As we confirmed in the experiment, the ripple has the relation with the capacitance. And switching regulator which is not linear we used also can make efficient AC/DC converter.● Audio Amplifier⑤ Answer to the questions for each procedure.ⅰ. Audio Amplifier Circuit.- Is there any difference when the variable resistor changes? If so, how does the circuit react to its change?⑥ In PSPICE simulation, analyze Vout/Vin with Bode Plot in frequency domain according to following steps and graph its data.1)Referring fig 6-14, change the input voltage from Vsin source to VAC source2)Choose advanced db magnitude of voltage probe as shown in fig 6-21 to display voltage probe. It makes it possible to analyze voltage in frequency domain.3)Record condition as shown in fig 6-22 before setting AC Sweep in Edit Simulation Setting Menu.4)Start SimulationBode PlotBy using the Vdb marker we can observe that which frequency band passes the system. We confirm that 4kHz signal can be on the 700H.⑦ Graph bode plot as controlling the switch of variable resistor in question 2, then verify if it matches with the result of question 1.(We can get different bode plot according to frequency as gain changes due to variable resistor switching.)- Variate on the low frequencyBy changing the variable resistor we confirm that the variation of the output voltage. Vout is same with the volume o 윤영중

공학/기술| 2009.09.25| 11페이지| 1,500원| 조회(667)

회로실험, 연세대학교, 전기전자기초실험, amplifier, audio

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전기전자기초실험 Audio Amplifier Circuit Design 예비보고서(영문) 평가A+최고예요

Pre-report Topic : Audio Amplifier Circuit Design? Power Supply for audio amplifier① Explain the mechanism of power supply in this experiment.An AC powered linear power supply usually uses a transformer to convert the voltage from the wall outlet (mains) to a different, usually a lower voltage. If it is used to produce DC, a rectifier is used. A capacitor is used to smooth the pulsating current from the rectifier. Some small periodic deviations from smooth direct current will remain, which is known as ripple. These pulsations occur at a frequency related to the AC power frequency (for example, a multiple of 50 or 60 Hz). The voltage produced by an unregulated power supply will vary depending on the load and on variations in the AC supply voltage. For critical electronics applications a linear regulator will be used to stabilize and adjust the voltage. This regulator will also greatly reduce the ripple and noise in the output DC current. Linear regulators often provide current limiting, device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors.Power supply usually uses a transformer to convert the voltage from the wall outlet to a different, usually a lower voltage.2) Bridge rectifierA rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of power supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid state diodes, vacuum tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and other components.If power supply is used to produce DC, a rectifier is used. Four diodes are required instead of the one needed for half-wave rectification. Four rectifiers arranged this way are called a diode bridge or bridge rectifier3) Capacitor used in each stepA capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric.A capacitor is used to smooth the puliple of 50 or 60 Hz).4) Linear Votage RegulatorThe voltage produced by an unregulated power supply will vary depending on the load and on variations in the AC supply voltage. For critical electronics applications a linear regulator will be used to stabilize and adjust the voltage. This regulator will also greatly reduce the ripple and noise in the output DC current. Linear regulators often provide current limiting, protecting the power supply and attached circuit from overcurrent.5) MOSFET in step 6, and its necessityThe metal?oxide?semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a device used to amplify or switch electronic signals. MOSFET is one sort of N-FET, whose drain-source current varies according to the voltage of gate. Thus, if we chage the voltage of gate from 0V~10V as shown circuit,varies. Due to this characteristic, there is some change in Vout, which lets regulator maintain 5V.6) Explain the definition of efficiency, and describe how to calculate.Eneous power can be calculated by using P=VI.? Audio amplifier③ Explain the mechanism audio amplifier in this experiment.An audio amplifier is an electronic amplifier that amplifies low-power audio signals to a level suitable for driving loudspeakers and is the final stage in a typical audio playback chain. While the input signal to an audio amplifier may measure only a few hundred microwatts, its output may be tens, hundreds, or thousands of watts.In this experiment, audio amplifier with power supply in earlier experiment has two parts, Audio amp circuit and Tone control circuit. First, Audio amp circuit uses op-amp and variable resistor to control gain of circuit. It connects Male headphone jack to input node, Female headphone jack to output node and amplify sounds. Second, Tone control circuit utilize the characteristic that Capacitor gets short or open according to input frequency. Using this principle, we can control the tone by adjusting gain of signal, which has both low and highn determine 'gain' by cotroling variable resistor.3) Understand capacitor in fig 6-20, and analyze the circuit in terms of high/low frequency modification.Capacitor gets short or open according to input frequency. 22nF capacitor gets open in low frequency, short in high frequency. Therefore, variable resistor connectred with 22nF capacitor in parallel is meaningless in high frequency. Also, 560 pF capacitor gets open in low frequency blocking signal feedback to input, short in high frequency causing signal feedback to input.Arrangements① commercial voltage : 120Vrms② transformer : 120V/12V③ resistor : 510Ω, 2.2kΩ, 10kΩ*2EA, 11kΩ*2EA, 22kΩ*3EA④ variable resistor : 10kΩ, 100kΩ⑤ capacitor: 560pF, 22nF, 0.1uF, 10uF, 22uF, 100uF, 220uF*2EA, 2200uF⑥ voltage regulator : LM340T5 (5V standard)⑦ transistor : BS170⑧ function generator⑨ LED 1EA⑩ op-amp : LM318(OP284 alternative), LM358(AD822 alternative)⑪ diode : 1N4001*4EA⑫ Male headphone jack 1EA, Female headphone jack 1EA- Reference♣ Introducti

공학/기술| 2009.09.25| 4페이지| 1,000원| 조회(859)

회로실험, 연세대학교, 전기전자기초실험, amplifier, audio

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[DSP 프로젝트] C를 통한 콘벌루션 , DFT, FIR System 구현

DSP ProjectProgramming Language : C/C++Problem Ⅰ (Convolution)There are two LTI systems with impulse response,and input signal isfor.Input signal 인 x[n]을 살펴보면 n값의 범위가인 점을 상기시켜 보면 결국 n의 개수가 21개 임을 알 수 있다. 왼쪽 graph의 경우 Excel을 활용한 graph 인지라 x축의 범위가 1부터 시작되는 점을 감안해야 한다.(실제로는 0을 의미) 즉 n이 0부터 20까지 Unit function으로 존재함을 확인할 수 있다.위는 System function 인을 표현한 graph 이며 마찬가지로 n=20으로 설정한 후 21개의 value에 대해서 값을 저장하였다.(1) Computethen compute. Plot,.◎convolution 을 수행한 결과이다. Unit function과 convolution 한 graph이기에 system function 인의 형태가 많이 존재하는 graph shape 를 확인 할 수 있다.◎convolution 을 수행한 결과이다.결과값인에 다시 system을 통과 시킨 후의 graph 모습을 나타낸다.은 zero point에서 시작하는 triangle shape를 지니는 것을 확인 할 수 있다.(2) Computethen compute. Plot,.◎이다. 1)에서 행한 convolution의 형태에서 system function의 순서를 뒤바뀐 형태이다.의 경우는이인 input signal과 거의 흡사한 형태를 지니고 있어 convolution 을 할 경우 middle point 까지 계속 increasing하다가 다시 decreasing함을 알 수 있다.◎을 computing 한 모습이다. 이미 Convolution의 commutative law가 성립함을 알고 있으므로의 graph shape 가 1)결과 값인graph와 일치함을 쉽게 이해 할 수 있다.(3) Computethen compute. Plot,.◎은 System function 간 convolution 을 우선 수행한 모습이다.값이 n=6이후로는 값이 거의 0에 근접하기에 convolution 후인값이 n=27 이후로는 거의 0에 근접한 값을 가짐을 알 수 있다. n*n Convolution은 n+n-1=2n-1개의 결과를 지닌다. y[n]의 경우에는 두 번에 걸쳐 Convolution을 함으로 n+n+n-2=3n-2 즉 여기서는 61개의 counts 값을 가진다.◎결과 graph이다. 이 역시 이미 Associative Law를 알고 있기에 충분히 예상할 수 있는 결과 값이다. 결국은,과 동일한 graph shape 를 지님을 알 수 있다.(4) Compare the results obtained in parts 1), 2) and 3) and explain their similarities and differences.결국 Digital Signal Processing의 가장 기본적인 Tool이라고 할 수 있는 Convolution의 Properties에 대해 상세히 알아 볼 수 있는 기회를 가졌다고 본다. 이는 선수과목이라 할 수 있는 Signals and Systems에서 상세히 설명되어 있다. Interconnection Properties for LTI Systems에는 기본적으로 세 가지 Law가 소개되고 있다.우선 Distributive Law가 첫 번째이다. 이는로 설명되어 질 수 있다. 위의 식은 Discrete-time system에서의 Model로써 당연히 Continuous-time system에서는 Continuous-time signal인 t에 관한 식으로 표시될 수 있을 것이다.두 번째로는 Associative Law 이다. 이는을 말한다. Associative Law에서 설명되어 지는 결합이 바로 Project ProblemⅠ 1), 3)과의 관계를 설명할 수 있는 Key 이다. Convolution의 우선 결합 순위가 바뀌더라도 크게 문제되지 않는다는 것이다. 이는 Output Signal인이 같게 나옴으로써 확인해보았다.Commutative Law가 마지막이다. 이는로 설명되어 질 수 있다. Commutative Law에서 말하는 교환이 바로 Project ProblemⅠ 1), 2) 의 관계를 설명할 수 있는 Key라고 볼 수 있다. 결국 System의 순서가 바뀌더라도 Convolution에서는 Commutative Law가 성립하므로 Output Signal인값이 서로 같게 나왔음을 확인 할 수 있다.Output Signal이 모두 같게 나옴으로써 Convolution에서 Associative Law, Commutative Law가 성립함을 보여준다.The Code : Problem Ⅰ (Convolution)#include #include #include main(){int n=20, i=0,k=0; // variable declarationdouble x[n];double y1[3*n], y2[3*n], y3[3*n];double h1[n];double h2[n];double w[2*n],z[2*n],g[2*n];FILE *result1;FILE *result1_1;FILE *result1_2;FILE *result2_1;FILE *result2_2;FILE *result3_1;FILE *result3_2;result1=fopen("c:\(0340622)1(x,h1,h2).txt","w");result1_1=fopen("c:\(0340622)1-1(w).txt","w");result1_2=fopen("c:\(0340622)1-1(y1).txt","w");result2_1=fopen("c:\(0340622)1-2(z).txt","w");result2_2=fopen("c:\(0340622)1-2(y2).txt","w");result3_1=fopen("c:\(0340622)1-2(g).txt","w");result3_2=fopen("c:\(0340622)1-2(y3).txt","w");for (i=0 ; i

공학/기술| 2009.09.18| 30페이지| 2,000원| 조회(905)

신호, DSP, 신호전달, filter, dft, 신호처리, convolution, Fir filter

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전기전자기초실험 Design Project1 (Digital clock design) 예비보고서

Topic : Design Project Ⅰ(Digital clock design)- Design Condition① Express it in units of AM/PM, hour, minute, second.② Display it with 7 screens of 7-segments in the kit as in the picture.- 'A' means morning, afternoon has to be 'P'- Express 'hour' between numbers 1~12- Express 'hour' between numbers 1~12- Express 'hour' between numbers 1~12③ Use 1 MHz crystal oscillator provided in the training kit.④ Make it possible to enter AM/PM, hour, minute, second from external inputs.⑤ Use the buttons in the training kit, sw1~sw5, for input switches- Allow AM/PM conversion by pressing the input switches.- Allow hour, minute to increase sequentially by pressing the input switches.- Allow second to reset to 00 when the switch is pressed.- Set the initial state as same as the picture.⑥ Let the error be below 2 seconds every 10 minutes.⑦ Design to have 12:00 as the basis for distinguishing AM/PM.- Pre report① Search on the below factors, as they are need for the project- 1 MHz crystal oscillator inllators".- The input/output characteristics of 7 segment displayA seven-segment display (abbreviation: "7-seg(ment) display"), less commonly known as a seven-segment indicator, is a form of electronic display device for displaying decimal numerals that is an alternative to the more complex dot-matrix displays. Seven-segment displays are widely used in digital clocks, electronic meters, and other electronic devices for displaying numerical information.A seven segment display, as its name indicates, is composed of seven elements. Individually on or off, they can be combined to produce simplified representations of the arabic numerals. Often the seven segments are arranged in an oblique, or italic, arrangement, which aids readability.The seven segments are arranged as a rectangle of two vertical segments on each side with one horizontal segment on the top, middle, and bottom. Additionally, the seventh segment bisects the rectangle horizontally. There are also fourteen-segment displays andariation between uppercase and lowercase letters for A?F; this is done to obtain a unique, unambiguous shape for each letter.Each of the numbers 0, 6, 7 and 9 may be represented by two or more different glyphs on seven-segment displays.- Components of combinational and sequence circuits needed to design a digital clockHere is a quick overview of the components of a digital clock at a high level.At the heart of the clock there is a piece that can generate an accurate 60-hertz (Hz, oscillations per second) signal. There are two ways to generate this signal:The signal can be extracted from the 60-Hz oscillations in a normal power line. Many clocks that get their power from a wall socket use this technique because it is cheap and easy. The 60-Hz signal on the power line is reasonably accurate for this purpose.The signal can be generated using a crystal oscillator. Obviously, any battery-operated clock or wristwatch will use this technique instead. It takes more parts, but is generally muchunters needs to drive a display. The two counters produce binary numbers. The divide-by-10 counter is producing a 0-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9 sequence on its outputs, while the divide-by-6 counter is producing a 0-1-2-3-4-5 sequence on its outputs. We want to display these binary numbers on something called a 7-segment display. A 7-segment display has seven bars on it, and by turning on different bars you can display different numbers:To convert a binary number between 0 and 9 to the appropriate signals to drive a 7-segment display, you use a (appropriately named) "binary number to 7-segment display converter." This chip looks at the binary number coming in and turns on the appropriate bars in the 7-segment LED to display that number. If we are displaying the seconds, then the seconds part of our clock looks like this:The output from this stage oscillates at a frequency of one-cycle-per-minute. You can imagine that the minutes section of the clock looks exactly the same. Finally, the hours secal in military time, because military time includes a zero hour.? We need a way to set the clock. Typically this is handled by gating higher-than-normal frequencies into the minutes section. For example, most clocks have "fast" and "slow" set buttons. When you press the "fast" button, the 60-Hz signal is driven straight into the minutes counter. When you press the "slow" button, a 1-Hz signal is driven into the minutes section. There are other possible techniques, but this one is the most common.② Think about problems that cause the errors in the digital clock and find ways to solve them.Problem : Time delay can occur between states.Solution : The higher frequency can reduce time delay. Because one state needs one clock. So if frequency is higher, interval is shorter. It makes time delay reduced.- Reference♣ Electric Circuit Experiment : Logic Circuit♣ Contemporary Logic Design 2nd Edition (Randy H. Katz)♣ Fundamentals of Digital Logic - Vranesic and Brown♣ http://en.wikipedia.org♣ httP

공학/기술| 2009.09.08| 8페이지| 1,500원| 조회(570)

연세대, 7Segment, 전기전자기초실험, Digital Clock, 논리실험, Digital clock design

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전기전자기초실험 Combination Logic Circuit Design 예비보고서 평가A+최고예요

Topic : Combination Logic Circuit Design- Theory『 Multiplexer and Demultiplexer 』In electronics, a multiplexer or mux (occasionally the term muldex or muldem[1] is also found, for a combination multiplexer-demultiplexer) is a device that performs multiplexing; it selects one of many analog or digital input signals and forwards the selected input into a single line. A multiplexer of 2n inputs has n select bits, which are used to select which input line to send to the output.An electronic multiplexer makes it possible for several signals to share one device or resource, for example one A/D converter or one communication line, instead of having one device per input signal.In electronics, a demultiplexer (or demux) is a device taking a single input signal and selecting one of many data-output-lines, which is connected to the single input. A multiplexer is often used with a complementary demultiplexer on the receiving end.An electronic multiplexer can be considered as a multiple-input, singn applications such as data multiplexing, 7 segment display and memory address decoding.The example decoder circuit would be an AND gate because the output of an AND gate is "High" (1) only when all its inputs are "High." Such output is called as "active High output". If instead of AND gate, the NAND gate is connected the output will be "Low" (0) only when all its inputs are "High". Such output is called as "active low output".A 2-to-4 Line Single Bit DecoderAn encoder can be a device used to change a signal (such as a bitstream) or data into a code. The code serves any of a number of purposes such as compressing information for transmission or storage, encrypting or adding redundancies to the input code, or translating from one code to another. This is usually done by means of a programmed algorithm, especially if any part is digital, while most analog encoding is done with analog circuitry.『 7-Segment Controller 』The individual segments of a seven-segment displayA seven-segment displSeven segments are, effectively, the fewest required to represent each of the ten Hindu-Arabic numerals with a distinct and recognizable glyph. Bloggers have experimented with six-segment and even five-segment displays with such novel shapes as curves, angular blocks and serifs for segments; however, these often require complicated and/or non-uniform shapes and sometimes create unrecognizable glyphs.- Pre-report① Survey the following multiplexer- 2 X 1 multiplexer- 4 X 1 multiplexerMultiplexers are described by the number of data inputs, since you can infer the number of control inputs from this. Thus, a 2:1 multiplexer has two data inputs, one data output, and one control input, while a 4:1 multiplexer has four data inputs, one output, and two control inputs.A 2-to-1 multiplexer has a boolean equation where A and B are the two inputs, S is the selector input, and Z is the output:A 4-to-1 multiplexer has a boolean equation where A,B,C and D are the four inputs,is the selector input, ang end.- so, encoder has no seletor input whereas mux has selector input.③ Compare the difference between decoder and demultiplexer- decoderA decoder is a device which does the reverse of an encoder, undoing the encoding so that the original information can be retrieved. The same method used to encode is usually just reversed in order to decode. In digital electronics, a decoder can take the form of a multiple-input, multiple-output logic circuit that converts coded inputs into coded outputs, where the input and output codes are different. e.g. n-to-2n, binary-coded decimal decoders. Enable inputs must be on for the decoder to function, otherwise its outputs assume a single "disabled" output code word. Decoding is necessary in applications such as data multiplexing, 7 segment display and memory address decoding. The example decoder circuit would be an AND gate because the output of an AND gate is "High" (1) only when all its inputs are "High." Such output is called as "active High outpunside the instruction decoder to select two source registers of the register file to feed into the ALU as well as the destination register to accept the output of the ALU. A typical CPU instruction decoder also includes several other things.⑥ Survey either 7446, 7447, 7448 elements- 7446 [BCD to 7-Segment Decoders/Drivers]The DM7446A features active-LOW outputs designed for driving common-anode LEDs or incandescent indicators directly. All of the circuits have full ripple-blanking input/output controls and a lamp test input. segment indentification and resultant displays are shown on a following page. Display patterns for BCD input counts above nine are unique symbols to authenticate input conditions.all of the circuits incorporate automatic leading and/or trailing-edge, zero-blanking control. Lamp test of these devices may ve performed at any time when the BI/RBO node is at a HIGH logic level. All types contain an overriding blanking input(BI) which can be used to control the lamp intout

공학/기술| 2009.09.08| 13페이지| 1,000원| 조회(554)

연세대, 전기전자기초실험, combination, 논리실험, combinatio..

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