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Why Shakespeare kill the King Lear?

David 1DavidProfessorShakespeare 3June 6, 2012OutlineTitle: Why Shakespeare kill the King Lear?Introduce:Why the reason I choose the title “why Shakespeare kill the King Lear?”. I want to uphill to meaning what is the Shakespeare want to talk to us.Background:time period: King Lear written by Shakespeare in 1606. Five years ago 1601, Essex is exuded, because he retreat the Queen Elizabeth. So Queen Elizabeth couldn’t decide the Hyperlink "http://endic.naver.com/enkrEntry.nhn?entryId=350521e1ddfb43569526e8dd58a7a247" inheritor. Old aristocratic, New aristocratic and the middle classes are fright each other. And a lot of writer lives in England. And there were a lot of tragedy.Thesis:1. Leave powerful impression for posteriorly!A lot of tragedy is already in his country. B.C 1601 a lot of tragedy is already in his country. And that time was Renaissance. So they have variety literature. Like “The Spanish Tragedy (Seneca)”, Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), etc.… People already read a lot ofgShakespeare 3June 6, 2012“Why Shakespeare kill the King Lear?”What is it? He wants to tell us?Shakespeare wrote the King Lear in (1606). That time in England a lot of tragedy is already in his country. And that time was Renaissance in (1601). Five years ago (1601), Essex is exuded, because he retreat the Queen Elizabeth. So Queen Elizabeth couldn’t decide the Hyperlink "http://endic.naver.com/enkrEntry.nhn?entryId=350521e1ddfb43569526e8dd58a7a247" inheritor. Old aristocratic, New aristocratic and the middle classes are fright each other. And a lot of complains the Hyperlink "http://endic.naver.com/search.nhn?query=class" class[ Hyperlink "http://endic.naver.com/search.nhn?query=caste" caste] Hyperlink "http://endic.naver.com/search.nhn?query=system" system and a lot of writer live in England. And they can read a lot of tragedy which Hyperlink "http://endic.naver.com/search.nhn?query=criticism" criticism the class system. So a lot of people read the verity tragedy.1. Leave powerful impttp://endic.naver.com/search.nhn?query=structure" structure of tragedy. They can expect what’s going on next. And than if their expectation was right. They lose interest in reading literature. And he must know that normal tragedy is going to forget by people. That time is England has a quean and she has a power like king. So if she feels rude when she read the book she can punish the writer. So it is careful when write the kingdom story. Even though Shakespeare kill the king Lear in his tragedy. Why the reason that Shakespeare make Lear’s death. Just only King’s death is enough to shock the people. But he makes the tragedy moreDavid 4miserable. He adds king’s Hyperlink "http://endic.naver.com/search.nhn?query=daughter" daughter’s death. I think Shakespeare must know human psychology.2. To study human psychology. It has Negativity Effect.He knew that more miserable tragedy is more remain people’s memory. Human’s memory is Hyperlink "http://endic.naver.com/search.nhn?query=limit" limitedhanging, as in King Lear.Other possible sources are the anonymous play Hyperlink "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Leir" King Leir (published in 1605); Hyperlink "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Mirror_for_Magistrates" A Mirror for Magistrates (1574), by Hyperlink "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Higgins_(poet)&action=edit&redlink=1" John Higgins; The Malcontent (1604), by Hyperlink "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marston_(poet)" John Marston; The London Prodigal (1605); Arcadia (1580–1590), by Hyperlink "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Philip_Sidney" Sir Philip Sidney, from which Shakespeare took the main outline of the Gloucester subplot; Hyperlink "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montaigne" Montaigne's Essays, which were translated into English by Hyperlink "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Florio" John Florio in 1603; An Historical Description of Iland of Britaine, by Hyperlink "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harrison_(clergyman)" William Harrison; Remaines Cuses. They cannot attend any parties. If they do attend a party, they have to stay in one designated place and not touch anybody, especially while people are eating. If they touch food, the food gets thrown away or given to the domestic animals such as cows and goats. There is always a problem living in such a society, not only for Untouchables, but for the people from higher groups as well.They always have to be careful of whom they make friends with. They have to make sure the Untouchables do not touch them while they fetch water from the tap or when they have food in their hands. Romona Singh is a senior at Blair from Sikkim, India, and she states, “I personally have not faced any problem in my society but my dad has.” She said, “My dad came from a Hindu Brahmin family. When he was a little boy, he surely was not aware of the caste system. He used to play with his friends who were lower caste and Untouchables. One day his grandmother saw him playing with his friends. When he returne.

인문/어학| 2014.06.14| 7페이지| 3,000원| 조회(91)

셰익스피어, Shakespeare, 세익스피어 비극 논문

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the roll of hypothalamus in dental caries formation

ReferencesSouthward, K. (2011). The systemic theory of dental caries. General Dentistry, 59(5), 367-375.Caple, C., & Schub, T. (2012). Dental Caries in Children and Adolescents.Wahaidi, V., Dowsett, S., Eckert, G., & Kowolik, M. (2009). Neutrophil response to dental plaque by gender and race. Journal Of Dental Research, 88(8), 709-714. doi:10.1177/*************019Santos, M. G., De Souza, A. P., Gerlach, R. F., Trevilatto, P. C., Scarel-Caminaga, R. M., & Line, S. P. (2004). Inhibition of human pulpal gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) by zinc oxide cements. Journal Of Oral Rehabilitation, 31(7), 660-664. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2004.01297.xKrifka, S., Seidenader, C., Hiller, K., Schmalz, G., & Schweikl, H. (2012). Oxidative stress and cytotoxicity generated by dental composites in human pulp cells. Clinical Oral Investigations, 16(1), 215-224. doi:10.1007/s00784-010-0508-5Leonora, J. J., Tjäderhane, L. L., & Tieche, J. M. (2002). Effect of dietary carbamyl phosphate on dentine apposition in rat molars. Archives Of Oral Biology, 47(2), 147-153. doi:10.1016/S0003-9969(01)00104-2Hypothalamus plays a pivotal roll in preventing dental caries by endocrine pathway that stimulates the flow of dental fluid. To begin with how hypothalamus work on preventing dental caries. It is also important to know how caries are formed.Caries formation starts with colonization of oral bacteria. Common cariogenic specie of oral bacteria is S. mutans. This bacteria form plaque to the tooth surface producing acid strong enough to demineralize enamel surface and leads to formation of cavities. [2]Other than formation of cavity, inflammation response can be derived from prolonged dental plaque accumulation. Inflammation process starts with bacteria damaging enamel. Then inflammation response is activated when bacteria gets in to the dentin activating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). [1] This response includes change of white blood cell count and neutrophil activity. [3]MMP can be activated upon oxidative stress. Some of the common inflammatory activator could be acid produce by bacteria, or cigarettes. Interestingly, composites restoration could also activate MMP by releasing ROS. [4] When MMP is activated it destructs root, calcifies dentin, and inflames pulp. [5]However, a body works against adverse oral environment by nourishing with centrifugal dentinal fluid flow. As the word ‘centrifugal’, fluid flows outward from inside of the tooth. This prevents bacteria adhering to the surface of the teeth making hard them to establish colonies. [4] This action will not allow initiation of caries development. Furthermore dentinal fluid pushes outward so that the tooth can maintain its aseptic condition in the pulp chamber.Besides, Leonora found that flow of fluid reverses or stops when high sucrose diets are given to rats. [6] This will inhibit self-cleansing function of centrifugal fluid, allowing more bacteria to stick on the teeth surface. Then enamel will be damaged inducing inflammatory response. It is also activated when bacteria gets in to the dentin, and stimulate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). [1]Eventually, colonization of bacteria start then will cause activation of MMP triggering inflammatory responses. [6] But, as Leonora stated “carbamyl phosphate could considerably reverse sucrose-induced cariogenesis and also stimulate sucrose-depressed movement of centrifugal fluid”.Surprisingly this centrifugal fluid flow is controlled by hypothalamus through parotid gland’s endocrine system. [6] In other words, parotid endocrine portion of parotid gland is down regulated by signals from hypothalamus. [6] This means if the dentist does not understand that hypothalamus is controlling dentinal fluid flow, he or she will try to fix only the result but not the original problem. Ignorance of this knowledge may jeopardize the patient.Fact that dental caries are related to the endocrine system seems like it is making dental caries even more complicated, but I think it is actually giving more options to approach treating dental caries, possibly in more efficient way. Because systemic approach of treating dental caries may help to maintain long term oral health by focusing source of cariogenic factor but not just carious lesion itself.

의/약학| 2012.06.08| 2페이지| 5,000원| 조회(73)

치의학, dental, caries, hypothalamus, the roll, dental caries

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fluoride application

Using fluoride to prevent dental caries is still debatable issue in dental field. This is because fluoride has both good and bad effect to human body depending how it is used. For that reason not only research for fluoride treatment should be done but also education for dental professionals and public is also needed.When fluorine is applied topically it affects to the body chemically and biologically. Fluoride influences enamel Chemically because it is the most electronegative element in the periodic table. [1] That is, It attracts an electron more than OH- of hydroxyl apatite in the enamel does. So, OH- is exchanged with F- forming fluoridated apatite. Since fluoridated apatite lattice is more stable and less soluble in acid.[1] Using adequate amount of fluoride strengthens enamel. Therefore dental caries can be prevented. However, taking fluoride too much can cause biological problem such as fluorosis; morphological defect in the tooth enamel during tooth developmental stage.[2] An eved and limited enamelin secretion called fluorosis resulted.[3] This condition requires high dose of fluoride so that it can affects ‘ameloblast’ directly making larger porous region with pitted enamel, and secondary discoloration of enamel surface.[4]However, when it is lower dose of fluoride, local response of ameloblast will affect to the mineralizing matrix producing white opaque striation on the enamel surface due to a hypomineralized enamel subsurface.[4]Knowing various types of fluoride is necessary to choose best form of application. Toothpaste: most toothpaste has 0.32% of fluoride (1450 ppm) as sodium fluoride or sodium monofluorophosphate. [7] Prescribed fluoride toothpaste is also available which has 1.1% (11,000 ppm). [7] Gel/form: contains1.23 % or 12,300 ppm of fluoride. [6] They are effective to the people who are more prone to dental caries such as person with decreased salivary flow, orthodontic patients, or patient undergoing radiation therapy. [8] This method uses ent who has high risk of caries. [8] Most of varnish product contains 5% of sodium fluoride.[6] This is applied to the surface of the tooth. One of the advantage of varnish compare to the gel/form method is reduced amount of fluoride used for not using trays. This will lower ingested quantities of fluoride.[6] Applying these high concentration fluoride-containing products frequently may protect teeth from abrasion. HYPERLINK "http://0-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.catalog.llu.edu/pubmed?term=%22Lagerweij%20MD%22%5BAuthor%5D" Lagerweij and collegues states “After 14 days of cycling of erosion and toothbrushing abrasion, gel application 2 or 8 times daily (33/29 microm) showed significantly less enamel loss than toothpaste with or without fluoride (57/62 microm). We conclude that a highly fluoridated acidic gel is able to protect enamel from erosion and toothbrushing abrasion while fluoridated tooth paste provides little protection.” [5]However, this should not be thought as magic-pill as many peluoride right.1. HYPERLINK "http://0-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.catalog.llu.edu/pubmed?term=%22Fejerskov%20O%22%5BAuthor%5D" Fejerskov O. (2004). Changing paradigms in concepts on dental caries: consequences for oral health care.Caries Res. 2004 May-Jun;38(3):182-91.2. Faye M, Diawara CK, Ndiaye KR, Yam AA. (2008). Dental fluorosis and dental caries prevalence in Senegalese children living in a high-fluoride area and consuming a poor fluoridated drinking water.Dakar Med. 2008;53(3):162-9.3. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. (2006). Effect of overdose fluoride on the expression of enamelin in rat mandibular incisor.Dept. of Oral Medicine, Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai ,2006 Aug;24(4):297-9.4. HYPERLINK "http://0-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.catalog.llu.edu/pubmed?term=%22Bronckers%20AL%22%5BAuthor%5D" Bronckers AL, HYPERLINK "http://0-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.catalog.llu.edu/pubmed?term=%22Lyaruu%20DM%22%5BAuthor%5D" Lyaruu DM, HYPERLINK "http://0-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.catalog.llu.edup://0-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.catalog.llu.edu/pubmed?term=%22Lagerweij%20MD%22%5BAuthor%5D" Lagerweij MD, HYPERLINK "http://0-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.catalog.llu.edu/pubmed?term=%22Buchalla%20W%22%5BAuthor%5D" Buchalla W, HYPERLINK "http://0-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.catalog.llu.edu/pubmed?term=%22Kohnke%20S%22%5BAuthor%5D" Kohnke S, HYPERLINK "http://0-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.catalog.llu.edu/pubmed?term=%22Becker%20K%22%5BAuthor%5D" Becker K, HYPERLINK "http://0-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.catalog.llu.edu/pubmed?term=%22Lennon%20AM%22%5BAuthor%5D" Lennon AM, HYPERLINK "http://0-www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.catalog.llu.edu/pubmed?term=%22Attin%20T%22%5BAuthor%5D" Attin T. (2006). Prevention of erosion and abrasion by a high fluoride concentration gel applied at high frequencies.Caries Research. 2006;40(2):148-53.6. American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. Professionally applied topical fluoride: Evidence-based clinical recommendations, Journal of the American Dental Association. 2006; 137: 1151-9–9

의/약학| 2012.06.08| 2페이지| 5,000원| 조회(95)

Application, 치의학, caries, fluoride, 영문과제, den..

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dental caries susceptibility test

If I could design, I would include few more elements other than parameters that are already there. First, I would check if patient has normal hypothalamic function. Hypothalamus plays roles as a controlling center of the dentinal fluid preventing caries formation. Outflow of the dentinal fluid is interfering attachment of bacteria, ultimately disrupting colonization of the bacteria on the tooth surface. [2]Secondly, I would ask if they are eating enough probiotics. Although, caries formation is multifactorial process, it is well known that colonization of the certain bacteria are the one of main cariogenic factor. Colonization of the cariogenic bacteria such as S. mutans, and lactobacillus can be interfered by using probiotics. For example, consumption of cheese containing L. rhamnosus GG and L. rhamnosus LC 705 showed beneficial affect to the oral microbial flora reducing counts for cariogenic bacteria. As a result consuming enough probiotic will decrease caries susceptibility. [1]Malocclusion also could be a sign of future caries formation. According to Borzabadi, “prevalence of severe caries experience and the severity of malocclusion is related each other. Although the current findings suggest that the relationship between caries experience and malocclusion should be assessed in a wider context and background factors…severity of malocclusion and severity of dental caries showed positive relationship.” [3]Blood test also can be a valid indicator of caries susceptibility. Moss pointed out that lead level in the blood is connected to the dental caries as well. Moss also found that “there were statistically significant associations between log of blood lead level and caries status among all age groups though out his research…However further prospective investigations is needed to demonstrate that lead exposure precedes the development of caries”[4]Dental caries status of patient’s partner or their parents if patient is a child may be very good indicator of patients caries susceptibility. In the research of Köhler, he found absence of maternal sharing of utensils and mouth-to-mouth feeding between caregivers … prevented vertical transmission of oral organisms. [5]This suggests that transmission of microorganism orally can increase caries susceptibility. Especially getting cariogenic bacterial from their parents early can cause many problems, such as missing teeth too early causing malocclusion, crowding eventually.These may not be a best indication for caries susceptibility, however they may aid determining if a patient is liable to caries formation. Moreover, since caries formation is multifactorial disease it will be helpful if we can diagnose this disease from every possible direction.ReferencesTeughels, W., Van Essche, M., Sliepen, I., & Quirynen, M. (2008). Probiotics and oral healthcare. Periodontology 2000, 48111-147.Leonora, J. J., Tjäderhane, L. L., & Tieche, J. M. (2002). Effect of dietary carbamyl phosphate on dentine apposition in rat molars. Archives Of Oral Biology, 47(2), 147-153. doi:10.1016/S0003-9969(01)00104-2Borzabadi-Farahani, A., Eslamipour, F., & Asgari, I. (2011). Association between orthodontic treatment need and caries experience. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 69(1), 2-11. doi:10.3109/00016357.2010.516732Moss, M. E., Lanphear, B. P., & Auinger, P. P. (1999). Association of dental caries and blood lead levels. JAMA, Journal Of The American Medical Association, 281(24), 2294-2298.Köhler, ,., & Andréen, ,. (2010). Mutans streptococci and caries prevalence in children after early maternal caries prevention: a follow-up at eleven and fifteen years of age. Caries Research, 44(5), 453-458. doi:10.1159/000320168

의/약학| 2012.06.08| 2페이지| 5,000원| 조회(59)

치의학, dental, caries, susceptibility, 치의학 영문, dental caries

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불소와 구강건강

According to WHO global overview of oral health, dental caries is still public health concern in most countries, and even in developed countries. 60-90% of schoolchildren and majority of adults are affected from dental caries. [2]As all know, using fluorides in water helps to reduce the risk of dental caries formation. S. Jones comments “More recently, systematic reviews summarizing these extensive databases have indicated that water fluoridation and fluoride toothpastes both substantially reduce the prevalence and incidence of dental caries.”[1] Fluoride plays key roles in preventing formation of dental caries by remineralizing of early damage of the enamel, and forming more resistance enamel structure known as fluorapatite. Moreover, fluoride can reduce the amount of acid produced by bacteria. [3]There is several ways to bring fluoride to the public; water fluoridation, salt fluoridation, milk fluoridation, and development of affordable fluoride tooth paste. [1] Among them water fluoridation should be most effective way to distribute fluoride to the public. It looks reasonable because 98% of the population of California uses public water system for their drinking water source. [1] All of the above are good reasons for fluoridating public water.Even if water fluoridation is beneficial for public, the level of the fluoride in public water should be monitored very carefully for high dose of fluoride can cause health problem. Bryson mentioned in his book the fluoride deception that when fluoride pollution was biggest legal challenge for key U.S. industry the level of the fluoride tends to be very high causing many health issues. At that time public was deceived by result of the manipulated research influenced by those industry groups. [5] Therefore water fluoridation should be regulated according to result of the reliable research group encompassing several different groups to ensure safety of the public water.Environmental Protection Agency's limit for fluoride in public water is 4mg/L. But some scientist claims that it is still too high. [4] Fagin says 4mg/L is enough to lead children to fluorosis. In adults that level of fluoride could cause skeletal fluorosis increasing possibility of bone fracture, and painful stiffening joint. Although more study is needed, severe health problem also can be caused such as bone cancer, damaging thyroid gland, and brain. [4]Actual level of fluoride in water is much less than 4mg/L, however people are still venerable to fluoride overdose. Using fluoride in the food, beverage, and dental products increases chance of ingesting more than desired amount of fluoride. So, source of the fluoride should be limited for each community. For example, if a community chose to fluoridate their water, then fluoridated milk or salt should be restrained preventing overdose of fluoride.Although theses risk of overdose of fluoride, it is true that adequate amount of fluoride help to improve dental health for the public. Moreover, there are not many people who can deny that fluoridation of water is most effective way to distribute fluoride since every body should drink water, and that means everybody could have chance to be exposed to fluoride. Only thing to be done at this point is finding optimum level of the fluoridation, and controlling fluctuation of its level until water gets distributed.Fluoride is ‘good’ when it is used correctly, like any other things.ReferencesJones, S., Burt, B. A., Petersen, P., & Lennon, M. A. (2005). The effective use of fluorides in public health. Bulletin Of The World Health Organization, 83(9), 670-676.Petersen, P. (2009). Global policy for improvement of oral health in the 21st century - implications to oral health research of World Health Assembly 2007, World Health Organization. Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology, 37(1), 1-8. Doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2008.00448.xFeatherstone, J. (2000). The science and practice of caries prevention. Journal Of The American Dental Association (JADA), 131(7), 887-899.Fagin, D. (2008). Second Thoughts about Fluoride. Scientific American, 298(1), 74-81.Christopher Bryson (2004). The fluoride deception. Seven Stories, Inc.

의/약학| 2012.06.08| 2페이지| 5,000원| 조회(88)

치의학, 영문, 불소, Who, 구강건강, health, dental, fluorid..

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