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자연의 아름다움

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포토| 2008.06.22| 1,000원| 조회(413)

꽃, 자연

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[기업경영]BP연구

..PAGE:1Group3..PAGE:2석유화학은 석유(나프타 등) 또는 천연가스 등을 원료로 하여 합성수지, 합성섬유원료, 합성고무 등 화학제품을 제조하는 산업을 말함.석유화학산업의 범위는 한국표준산업분류상 석유화학계 기초유기화합물 제조업(24111), 기타기초화합물제조업(24119), 합성고무제조업(24151), 합성수지제조업(24152)을 말함.석유 화학이란?..PAGE:3..PAGE:4석유 화학 특성자동차, 전자, 건설 등 주력산업에 원자재를 공급하는 주요 핵심기간산업- 천연소재(철, Al, 목재, 종이, 면, 양모 등)의 대체산업대규모 설비투자가 소요되는 자본 및 기술집약적인 장치산업- 1개단지(Complex) 건설에 20억$ 전후 소요- 규모의 경제(Scale Merit)가 있는 산업모체인 나프타분해공장에서 생산되는 기초유분의 수급균형 유지를 위해 계열화, 단지화를 이루어야 하는 산업- 원자재의 대량이동이 용이- 유틸리티, 항만 등 공동 이용..PAGE:5석유 화학 산업의 전망선진국: 합병에 의한 규모대형화-규모경제↑, 시장지배력↑Dow+UCC, Exxon+Mobil, BP+Amoco 등 사업통합세계 상위 3社 에틸렌 생산비중 : 17%(’99年) → 22%(’02年)- 품목별 합병으로 세계 상위기업 부Polyolefin : BASF+Shell → Basell (PP 세계 1위, PE 세계 6위)중동: 집중적 설비투자로 범용제품의 신흥메이저로 부상중동지역이 세계수요에서 차지하는 비중은 2~3%에 불과하나, 생산능력은 10% 수준으로 7~8% 초과물량을 수출- 특히 2006년까지 세계 에틸렌 생산능력 증가분에서 중동지역이 차지하는 비중은 20~30% 수준 전망2010년까지 50%에 달하는 1,500만톤..PAGE:6석유 화학 산업의 전망중국 : 세계 최대 수입국으로 2010년까지 수입물량 증가 지속전망현재 석유화학제품 자급률은 40%대로 내수의 50% 이상을 수입에 의존- BASF, Shell, BP, ExxonMobil 프로젝트(약 300만톤)가 2006년까지 계획되어 있으나향후 10% 이상의 높은 수요증가로 석유화학제품 수입은 지속될 전망]..PAGE:7BP at a glanceBP was founded as the Anglo Persian Oil Company by William Knox D'Arcy in 1909BP's logo, the helios, is named after the sun god of ancient GreeceBP employs over 100,000 people in 100 countries around the worldBP has 27,800 service stations around the worldBP serves around 13 million customers each day..PAGE:8BP around the world..PAGE:9About BPExploration and productionPipelines and shippingGas and powerPetrochemicalsRenewable and alternative energy..PAGE:10Petrochemicals-production sitesEurope (Belgium, UK, France, Germany,Sweden)Americas (USA, Brazil )Asia (China, Taiwan, Malaysia,Indonesia, Korea)..PAGE:11BP in KoreaSamsung Petrochemical Company (SPC)Samsung BP (SSBP)총자산: 2790억원출액: 2600억원종업원수: 189명 (서울; 20명, 울산; 169명)생산제품: 초산, H2, VAMAsian Acetyls Co. Ltd (Asacco)..PAGE:12The purpose of consolidationScaleScopeCapabilityCapacity..PAGE:13..PAGE:14..PAGE:15StrategyResourcesBuild production with steadily improving cash returnsInvest in the largest, lowest cost basinManage decline of existing production assetsCustomer facingExpand customer captureImprove quality to grow gross marginGrow cash flow at constant cash returns..PAGE:16Petrochemicals: cash returns..PAGE:17Advantaged products40% of segment capital employed ($5bn)High growth 2-4*GDPLeading global market sharesDistinctive technologyMaterial exposure to Asia..PAGE:18Olefin & derivatives60% segment capital employed ($8bn)Moderate growth 1-2*GDPLow global market sharesCompetitive but undifferentiated technologyBias to Europe and US..PAGE:19Market trendsExperience curve-margin erosionGlobalizing product marketsMiddle east gas feedstock advantaged at higher oil pricesStrong euroChina-major drive of growthPricing setting mechanismsFinished products exports..PAGE:20StrategyDifferent management approachAdvantaged productsOlefins &derivativesCapex lower post 2005Bias to advantaged productsOlefins & derivatives-cash returns focus..PAGE:21China growth..PAGE:22Ethical Conduct“We will pursue our business with integrity, respecting the different cultures and the dignity and rights of individuals in all the countries where we operate”Respect the rule of lawPromise only what we expect to deliver,make only commitments we intend to keep, not knowingly mislead others and not participate in or condone corrupt or unacceptable business practicesFulfil our obligations and commitments, treat people according to merit and contribution, refrain from coercion and never deliberately do harm to anyoneAct in good faith, use company assets only for furthering company business and not seek personal gain through abuse of position in the company..PAGE:23Policy expectationsRespect the law in the countries and communities in which we operateNever offer, pay, solicit or accept bribes in any form, either directly or indirectlyHold no secret or unrecorded funds of money or assets.Only give or accept gifts and entertainment that are for business purposes and are not material or frequent.Avoid situations where loyalty to the company may come into conflict with personal interests or loyalties...PAGE:24Policy expectationsSupport the principles set forth in the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights and will respect the 2000 International Labour Organisation 'Tripartite Declaration of Principles concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy' and the 2000 OECD 'Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises'.Not employ forced labor or child labor.Before making major investments in a new area, will evaluate the likely impact of our presence and activitiesNever make political contributions whether in cash or in kind anywhere in the world.Not choose business partners who contravene these commitments...PAGE:25H.S.E건강(H), 안전(S), 환경(E) 관리에 있어서 선진사업장이 되고자 하는 적극적 노력원칙안전하고 건강한 작업환경 조성에 최선을 다한다.안전하게 사용할 수 있는 제품을 생산하고 판매한다.쾌적한 환경 개선에 앞장선다.가까운 이웃과 나아가 지구촌 이익을 중시한다...PAGE:26

경영/경제| 2006.03.03| 31페이지| 1,000원| 조회(664)

기업전략, 석유화학, BP

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[인문]About Asian Values Debate - Reading Asian Values and Asian Success and Is There An ‘Asian Way’?

Name:Major:International CommerceNumber:Date:April. 6thReading “The polities of the ‘Asian Values’”, “Asian Values and Asian Success”,“Is There An ‘Asian Way’?”, “ Asian-Style Democracy: A Critique from East Asia”With the rapid development of the economies of East Asia, there has been an increasingly strong voice advocating “unique” Asian ways and values of doing politics and economics. Those who proclaims the superiority of the Asian ways and values often stresses the strength of Eastern culture and values based upon family solidarity and discipline, and consider that the overemphasis on individual freedom is the main source of economic and moral decay of America. Eastern societies are different from those of the West as the value preference of each are. Interpretation of what constitutes “Asian values” vary between different individual advocates, but the common claims include that the focal point of social organization is the family, that the interests of the community take precedencere is a key debate about the role of values in economic development. Although the respect of authority, collective obligation derived from the Confucian tradition are viewed as indispensable for social development and contributive to the low crime rates, low levels of welfare dependency and low rates of marital breakdown in many Asian countries, there is also quite a lot of counter arguments. The problems they pointed out mainly included three points: first, the Asian values argument is just an attempt at self-justification by authoritarian regimes; second, human right problems; third, the Confucius actually does also stress on individual rights and resist to tyrannical rulers, and it is difficult for us to explain the economic and social transformation of a region with a vast diversity of peoples, religion, languages and cultures simply by Confucianism. In addition, even though the authoritarianism may contribute to economic growth in the primary stage by consensus and stability, theing there are identifiable characteristics, cultures, habits, and beliefs, which bind the people and communities of East Asia, such as the respect for learning and order, in this sense, there is an Asia way, but on the other hand, it can be criticized for oversimplification, stereotyping, and the arbitrary favoring of culture factors about it. Because even if the world is still a long way from having a global norms, the reality is that there is a great deal of cross-fertilization between East and West, in the sense of ‘many of the Asian values of today are the Western values of yesterday.’ And it is often extremely difficult to define what is specifically ‘Eastern’ or ‘Western’. Therefore, Asia’s growth has been driven by values, but the values doing the driving are not uniquely Asian, they are universal and general.Asian values, an ambiguous conception, in my opinion, is not enough to be the main cause of the economic development during recent years in East Asian countries rather thannciple. Above all, Asian values may even not be so particularly Asian. Among "Asian values", hard work and thrift are often emphasized, but there is nothing particularly Asian about these virtues. They can also be counted as Christian principles. Besides, they seem natural to poor and peasant communities everywhere.Secondly, some so-called Asian values are just artificial and made as an instrument for certain political purposes. For example, in China, especially during 1990s, the government has attempted to revive many of the Confucian practices and beliefs that were once vilified under Maoism during the culture revolution. That is because Mao’s successors—some leaders are suffering from the loss of moral authority due to communism’s many failings have become increasingly obvious to ordinary people. The irony is that with the rapidly liberalizing economy, and the more open environment, many traditional values, including the Confucianism are disappearing during the process, and the westll much higher than that of Shanghai. It seems that there actually has no clear and definite relation between the level of economic development and Asian values. Those views that argue the superiority of Asian values can be understood both as a protest against the domineering Western civilization and as an expression of confidence among Asians who have newly achieved economic prosperity. But I don’t actually think that one civilization will be superior to another.Because of globalization, information technology and human mobility, we are truly the citizens of one world. We must therefore evolve a global consensus on what is good and evil and what is right and wrong. It will be ideal and perfect if the universal values of prosperity, freedom, and democracy can be combined with the East Asian values of familism and communitarian humanism. Both Asians and the Westerners can make important contributions towards the evolution of such a consensus. In our dialogue, I think we should be dilige 1

인문/어학| 2006.03.02| 3페이지| 1,000원| 조회(517)

아시아 가치, asian values, Confucian tradition

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[기업경영]월마트가 한국시장에서 실패하는 이유(이마트와 비교분석)- diamond model와 culture dimensions model를 통한 연구

International Business Relations: Final Paper by Group 4Wal-Mart vs. E-Mart in the Korean Market: Why Wal-Mart Has Failed in the Korean Market?-Using the Double Diamond Model and the Cultural Dimensions Model-1. Introduction1.1. BackgroundAmerican Wal-Mart is the number one retailer in the world. Yet, in the Korean market, its performance is not very good. In a recent performance survey, it ranked at fifth outstripped by number one Korean E-Mart in almost every aspect. What made this possible? Is it just the outcome of cultural misunderstanding, or the outcome of different marketing strategies of the two? In this paper, we will look into the competitive factors of each company and try to draw a comparison between them. Among various models, which address the competitiveness of firms, we will use the general diamond model (Porter, 1990) in order to assess the competitiveness of Wal-Mart and E-Mart. Also, to incorporate the obvious cultural factors, we will used Hofstede’s(1983) culturals infrastructure and highly educated personnel such as engineers and scientists. In this study, however, both Wal-Mart and E-Mart are retailers, and the advanced factors are not very important. According to this reason, we don’t analyze the advanced factors and just focus on the basic factors. Therefore, we compare not only between the two firms but also between each branch of Wal-Mart and E-Mart. Then we choose firm size and single branch size for the basic factors. Firm size is represented by the number of employees in 2003, total assets, total sales, chain store in Korea in 2004 and rank in Korea among retailers. Single branch size is represented by average annual selling amount per branch and size of branch of the fiscal year of 2001. Table 1 shows the descriptive data of the variables for domestic factor conditions of E-Mart and Wal-Mart.Table 1. Descriptive data for Factor ConditionsVariableProxyWal-MartE-MartFirm SizeNumber of Employees (2003)37009703Total Assets0.77bil USD12.7belated and supporting industries’ of retail store business, where both E-mart and Wal-Mart can be categorized into, we incorporated Porter’s value chain analysis. Value chain analysis is useful in understanding the activities through which a firm develops a competitive advantage, especially by separating the business system into a series of value-generating activities. By separating the flow of business for both E-mart and Wal-Mart with value chain analysis, we intend to identify the important related and supporting elements for further study and comparison between two companies of our interest.For determinants, we chose procurement, logistics, competitiveness of related companies, and marketing channel as variables. By procurement, we mean the size and competitiveness of suppliers providing products to E-mart and Wal-Mart. There are two kinds of suppliers, one providing brands of their own companies and the other which manufactures products according to orders given by the retail storture, and RivalryVariableProxyWal-MartE-martStrategy(Marketing Mix)Localized merchandise45Price Campaign14Display & Layout35Accessibility25ManagementEfficiencyAverage daily sales/m219,761 KRW36,953 KRWMarketCompetitionNo. of main competitors5Source: Field trip, comparative analyses on the MKT mix strategies of Foreign and Domestic Super discount storesTable 5. Price Comparison according to the Field trip referenceNo.ArticleNumberWal-Mart PriceE-Mart Price비고1오랄B칫솔(Oral-B Toothbrush)4개6,5806,6002생생우동(Saengsaeng Noodel)1개1,0601,0103하겐다즈(Hagendaz)1개2,7002,333이마트-3개들이 포장(7000원)4딸기(Strawberry)1(Box)13,80010,8005krombacher beer29,80032,8006V8토마토주스(V80Tomato Juice(imported))6개3,950xEmpirical Results and the DiamondScore calculation and proxiesThe descriptive data for each determinant of the diamond model are translated into scores to quantify the competitiveness of Wal-mart and E-mart. Each category of proxies that composes the variables is distributed with scores according to the weight of ead on outskirts of the cities (Yongin,Il-San, In-cheon, Daejeon). In the U.S, the customers often come to purchase 1,2 times a month by car, however, Koreans want fresh food, and usually go shopping 1,2times a week. Moreover, not everyone has a car like American. Wal-Mart again ignored this point. On the other hand, E-mart operates as department store, without piling up the products, while Wal-Mart piling up products, which makes it looks like storage.Second, they failed to extend their chains. Wal-Mart usually acquires top3 enterprises of the host market when it enters. However, it was impossible for it to take over E-mart, Carrefour and even Kim’s club and Lotte Mart at that time. The result is that it acquired Macro, which was a lower rank retailer. There is no further action until now.Third, they failed in price strategy. According to the result of survey, the cost to sell product of every 10 thousand won is 1.4 thousand won in Wal-Mart, while is 1.2 thousand won in E-mart. The averE 1

경영/경제| 2006.03.01| 28페이지| 2,500원| 조회(2,221)

이마트, 월마트, 실패요인, Diamond Model

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[국제정치]국제협력의 이해 중간고사 노트

1. Please discuss the origin and the characteristics of modern nation-state.Why do so many countries today not function as a normal nation-state?Is globalization good or bad thing for those failed states?Answer: (Definition) State is a legal and political entity with a permanent population, a territory and a government capable of managing sovereign authority over the people living within its legal borders. And nation means a group, or collection of people who perceive themselves to be members of the same group and share a common identity and purpose, such as ethnicity, race, language, cultural affinity, history, religion and geographic features. Therefore, nation-state can be defined as a deliberate, voluntary, and permanent association of a nation with a state, such as China, US, and Korea. It is a main actor and unit of analysis in international relations, a by-product of European power politics from 17th century through 19th century.(Origin) Europe in the middle age was structured aof the world’s scarce factors of production. This would permit patterns of international trade to be determined by the principle of comparative advantage.- A country will ultimately achieve greater economic efficiency and welfare through participation in foreign trade than through trade protection, benefit the consumer and make efficient use of the resources, thus maximize global wealth.- Globalization in economic development generally reduces poverty because sufficient evidence shows that more integrated economies tend to grow faster. (The improved well-being is not just a matter of income, but also including the declining child labor, higher school enrollment rate.)-Between countries, globalization is now mostly reducing inequality. (new globalizing developing countries such as China has rapid growth, which narrows the gap with richer countries), and within countries, globalization has not affected inequality.- Private capital flows to developing countries especially FDI bring benefise all influence over their currencies, they still controlled the money supply as well as interest rates, but the values of these currencies became subject to wild fluctuations that often beyond the power of central banks.Unprecedented development of electronic information services seems to mark another step toward the coming collapse of the state. Cable TV, videotape, Internet became widely available, and capable of providing near-instant coverage of events on a global scale. With the advent of computer networks and the consequent democratization of access to information, the battle between freedom and control was irretrievably lost by the latter.Example: Soviet Union was ultimately undermined by the information revolution. Stalin’s economic model was based on central planning, which lacked the flexibility to keep up with the quickened pace of technological change in the increasingly information-based global economy. An information-based society requires broadly shared and freely flowtims; (2) they engage in violent behavior to please the perceived command of a deity, therefore their action is unpredictable (3) they consider themselves to be unconstrained by secular values or laws; (4) they often display a complete sense of alienation from existing social system; (5) from global network, they are getting dispersed popular support from civil society.Key trends in modern terrorism: increased religiously motivated attacks; a decrease in the overall number of attacks; increase in the lethality per attack (MDW); growing targeting of US; dispersal in geography of terrorist acts (carry out attack far from the organization’s base)How to treat? Looking for the fundamental reason for terrorism: Less privileged people in conservative cultures repelled by fundamental changes (globalization, democratization, growth of market capitalism…) (Cultural Identity crisis) , or angered by distortions and uneven distributions of benefits. Distortions in local communities as a result of elim countries, it may solve the conflict of nations, improving the social problems in those nations, because underdevelopment and poverty are also can be considered as a gender issue. Giving women equal access to economic, social and political power would help resolve problems such as poverty, the environmental degradation, and overpopulation.Insisting the improvement of women’s right as an infringement of their sovereignty and traditional culture is just a kind of isolationism, which is harmful to the development of themselves.6. Why should citizens in developed countries be concerned about the poverty and sufferings in less developed countries? In what ways do underdevelopment pose problems for the global community? (disaster)< The reason citizens in developed countries care the poverty in less developed countries>*Widening gap between the rich and the poor:-In the past 15 years, more than 100 countries’ per capita income has declined-Among the 4.4 billion people in developing countra.

학교| 2006.03.01| 19페이지| 1,500원| 조회(555)

국가, 중간고사, globalization, 국제협력

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