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[영문학]영어학-Semantics

10. Semantics(의미론)- 왜 Fire Department라고 부르지? Extinguishing Department라 하지 않고.- Crime Department, Bomb Squad, wrinkle cream, pain pills도 마찬가지.- Semantics : the study of the conventional, objective or general meaning of words, phrases and sentences.▶ Conceptual and associative meaning (개념적 의미와 연합적 의미)- conceptual meaning : basic, essential components of meaning- the literal use of a wordex) needle : 'thing, sharp, steel instrument'low-calorie : producing a small amount of heat or energy- associative meaning : different people might have different associations or connotations attached to a wordex) needle : 'pain, illness, blood, drugs, thread, knitting, hard to find'low-calorie : healthy- poets, novelists, advertisers, lovers may interested in using associative meanings▶ Semantic features(의미상 특성)- basic conceptual meaning 연구 방법 : finding 'oddness' we experience when we read- 의미상 특성에 의한 의미 분석 절차NP V NPThe hamburger ate the boy.① syntactically good, semantically odd② hamburger와 boy라는 명사 중 동ty that is simply being described(not performing an action)(ex.2)typically non-human / human* the same physical entity can appear in two different semantic roles in a sentence.(ex.4)ex)1) The boy kicked the ball.agenttheme2) The ballwasred.theme3) The dogchasedthe boy.agenttheme4) The boycuthimselfagenttheme▶ Instrument and experiencer(도구역과 경험역)- instrument : agent가 어떤 행위를 하기 위해서 사용하는 존재ex) The boy cut the rope with an old razor.He drew the picture with a crayon.- experiencer : 감정, 지각, 상태를 가진 사람을 나타내는 명사구not performing the actionex) We see, know, enjoy something. (We : experiencer (not agents))1) We see, know, enjoy sthexperiencertheme2) The boyfeelssad.experiencertheme3) Did youhearthat noise?experiencertheme▶ Location, source and goal(위치역, 출처역, 목표역)- location : where an entity is in the description of an eventex) on the table, in the room- source : where the entity moves from- goal : where the entity moves toWe drove from Chicago to New Orleans.sourcegoal* single entity can appear inopposites along a scale (ex) big/small(등급 반의어) can be used in comparative constructions(ex) I'm bigger than you. A pony is smaller than a horse.? non-gradable antonyms : direct opposites(비등급 반의어)▶ Hyponymy (포의어)- hyponymy : relationship when the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of anotherex) flower/rose : rose is a hyponym of flower- hierarchical relationship(cf. p.105- hierarchical diagram)- superordinate(상의어) : the meaning of one form include another- co-hyponyms(동위하의어) : two or more words that share the same superordinate term- the relation of hyponymy captures the concept of 'is a kind of'ex) an asp is a kind of snake- 어떤 단어에 대해 알고 있는 유일한 것이 다른 단어의 하의어라는 것 밖에 모를 때도 있다.ex) asp는 뱀의 한 종류야. banyan은 나무의 한 종류야.- '하의어'는 사물뿐 아니라 동작에도 해당되는 용어이다.ex) action = injurepunch, shoot, stab▶ Prototypes(원형)- prototypes : the characteristic instance of a category- helps explain the meaning of certain words- prototype of? bird : robin? bird : ostrich, penguin < sparrow, penguin(much closecompany or department etc.foot : 1) of person 2) of bed 3) of mountainrun : 1) person does 2) water does 3) colors do- homonymy와 polysemy의 구분은 사전을 이용해서 확인할 수 있다.* 하나의 단어가 여러 가지 뜻을 가지고 있는 경우 => polysemy* 단어가 여러 번 적혀있고 의미도 각각 적혀있는 경우 => homonyms=> polysemy는 하나의 수록어로 표시되지만 homonyms는 사전에서 각기 다른 수록어로 표시된다.polysemyhomonymsband [b?end]① 밴드, 끈, 띠② 악대, 악단③ (사람의) 무리, 일단(一團)a band of robbers 도적떼ball¹ [b?:l](복수 balls[-z])① 공, 공 모양의 것, 볼, 구슬a tennis ball 테니스 공② 구기(球技); (특히) 야구③ ((야구)) 투구; (스트라이크에 대한) 볼a fast ballball² [b?:l] 무도회face, foot, get, head, runbank, mail, mole, soleex) How was your date?date : point in time (-> polysemous)particular day & month(on a letter)an arranged meeting time(an appointment)a social meeting(with someone we like)a person(person we like)date¹ : a thing we can eat(대추야자 열매)date² : a point in time(날짜, 시간)▶ Word play- homophones, homonyms and polysemy는 word play에 주로 사용됨(humorous effect)ex)? May had a little lamb.=> polysemy of lamb어린 양을 갖고 있는 메리양고기를 먹는 메리 ^^? Why are treese seem to organize our knowledge of words, frequently occurring togetherex) hammer-nail, table-chair, butter-bread, needle-thread, salt-pepper- corpus : a large collection of texts, spoken or written, typically stored as a database in a computer- corpus linguistics : use the database to find out how often specific words or phrases occur and what types of collocations are most commonex) 'true feelings' - 84 occurrences (p. 109 넷째줄); English speakers use the phrase with true feelings when they want to give the meaning of reluctance to express deeply felt emotions(Sinclair, 2003: 148)- provides more evidence that our understanding of what words and phrases mean is tied to the contexts in which they are typically used※ 동철이의어(homography)- 단어의 철자는 같지만, 의미 관련이 없는 경우ex) 개를 데리고 산책을 할 때의 lead(데리고 가다)와 중금속 종류인 lead(납)※ 함의(entailment)- 한 문장이 참이고 또 다른 문장이 참인 경우ex) ? car를 운전하는 것은 automobile을 운전하는 것이다.(True)-> automobile을 운전하는 것은 car를 운전하는 것이다.(True)? Evelyn won the race.(True)-> The race won by Evel임.

교육학| 2006.11.07| 6페이지| 1,500원| 조회(1,037)

영문학, language, 의미론, Semantics, George Yule

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