Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856 ? September 23, 1939; [?ziːgm?nt ?fr???t]) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology, based on his theory that unconscious) motives control much behavior, that particular kinds of unconscious thoughts and memories, especially sexual and aggressive) ones, are the source of neurosis), and that neurosis could be treated through bringing these unconscious thoughts and memories to consciousness) in psychoanalytic treatment. He was initially interested in hypnotism) and how it could be used to help the mentally ill, but later abandoned hypnotism in favor) of free association and dream analysis in developing what is now known as "the talking cure." These became the core elements of psychoanalysis. Freud was initially especially interested in what was then called hysteria) (now known as conversion syndrome), but expanded his work to other forms of neurosis, especially obsessive)-compulsive) disorder.While Freud's theories,nd and human behavior, and clinical techniques for attempting to help neurotics).Early workA lesser known interest of Freud's was neurology). He was an early researcher on the topic of cerebral) palsy), then known as "cerebral paralysis)". He published several medical papers on the topic. He also showed that the disease existed far before other researchers in his day began to notice and study it. He also suggested that William Little, the man who first identified cerebral palsy, was wrong about lack of oxygen during the birth process being a cause. Instead, he suggested that complications) in birth were only a symptom of the problem. It was not until the 1980s that his speculations) were confirmed by more modern research.Freud was an early user and proponent) of cocaine as a stimulant). He wrote several articles on the antidepressant qualities of the drug, and he was influenced by his friend and confidant), Wilhelm Fliess, who recommended cocaine for the treatment of the "nasal) reflex that the process of repression is itself a non-conscious act (in other words, it did not occur through people willing away certain thoughts or feelings). Freud supposed that what people repressed was in part determined by their unconscious. In other words, the unconscious was for Freud both a cause and effect of repression.Psychosexual) developmentWhat's on a man's mind ? Sigmund Freud Main article: Psychosexual developmentFreud also believed that the libido developed in individuals by changing its object. He argued that humans are born "polymorphously) perverse)," meaning that any number of objects could be a source of pleasure. He further argued that, as humans developed, they fixated )on different and specific objects through their stages of development?first in the oral stage (exemplified by an infant's pleasure in nursing), then in the anal stage (exemplified by a toddler)'s pleasure in controlling his or her bowels)), then in the phallic) stage. Freud argued that children then pd Sigmund with Defense Mechanisms as he began the work. The defense mechanisms include, denial, reaction formation, displacement), repression)/suppression) (the proper term), projection, intellectualization, rationalization, compensation, sublimation) and regressive) emotionality.Denial means that someone will not (deliberately)) admit to the truth. For example, a student may have received a bad grade on a report card but tells himself that grades don't matter.Repression occurs when someone cannot remember a past traumatic experience, while suppression is a conscious effort to do the same.Intellectualization involves removing one's self, emotionally, from a stressful event. Intellectualization is often accomplished through rationalization rather than accepting reality, one may explain it away to remove one's self.Compensation occurs when someone takes up one behavior because one cannot accomplish another behavior. For example, the second born child may clown) around to get attention sidered purely diseases of the brain, the etiology) of which is principally) genetic). This consideration holds that childhood and environment don't have much influence on the human mind and its well-being. However, many people reject this view as an over-simplification.Freud's model of psycho-sexual development has been criticized from different perspectives. Some have attacked Freud's claim that infants are sexual beings (and, implicitly, Freud's expanded notion of sexuality). Others have accepted Freud's expanded notion of sexuality, but have argued that this pattern of development is not universal, nor necessary for the development of a healthy adult. Instead, they have emphasized the social and environmental sources of patterns of development. Moreover, they call attention to social dynamics Freud de-emphasized or ignored (such as class relations).Some criticize Freud's rejection of positivism. The philosopher of science Karl Popper formulated a method to distinguish science from no이의사