*수동태1.수동태의 형태a.기본형: be p.p by~b.진행형: be being p.pc.완료형: have(has) been p.pd.미래형: will be p.pe.조동사 포함: 조동사 +be p.p2.독해 연습The doll is not made by Yu-mi.They are not loved by himIs the letter written by you?Were the rooms cleaned by her?His bag will not be carried by me.Will the room be cleaned by him?English is spoken in Canada.The mountain is covered with snowThe child was run over by a carHe was given the book by her.He was called 'Uncle Tom'He was seen to him in the river by me.(I saw him swim in the river.)The book will be bought by me.The watch has been lost by me.Was the window broken by him?Where was this book boughtThe children were taken care of by them.They say that he is honest. (그들은 그가 정직하다고 말한다.)→ That he is honest is said (by them)→ It is said that he is honest. 〈가주어 It 사용〉→ He is said to be honest.He was looked down on by all of them.It is said that Wednesday boys easily get angry and upset.It was thought at first that he was a modern victim of a hiking accidentHis daughter was made to clean the room every day.The car was seen to stop at a house by the police officer.-수동태의 뜻을 갖는 자동사sell, read, cut, wash 등의 동사는 형태는 능동이나 의미는 수동의 뜻을 나타내기도 한다.This article sell well at a high price.His scientific paper reads like a novel.Ripe oranges peel easilly.This cloth washes easilly.
*접속사:말과 말을 이어 주는 것을 라 하며, 단어와 단어, 구와 구, 절과 절을 연결해준다.1.상관 접속사both A and B ,not only A but also B (=B as well as A),either A or B , neither A nor Bso ∼that , not A but B 2.명사절을 이끄는 종속 접속사①thatThat he is honest is true.→ It is true that he is honest.이때는 주어가 너무 길기 때문에 문장 제일 뒤로 돌리고, 그 자리에 형식주어 it (가주어, 뜻이 없음)을 쓰는 경우가 일반적이다.The trouble is that we have no money.We took it granted that he was right.I hope (that) you will get well soon.They say (that) he is honest.② If, Whether : ~ 인지 아닌지Whether he will come or not is still uncertain.The question is whether I should pay or not.I don`t know if I can do it.3. 조건의 부사절을 이끄는 종속 접속사① If: 만약 ~라면on condition that, suppose, supposing, provided, providing,in case(만약 ~인 경우에)② unless: 만약 ~가 아니라면Unless it rains tomorrow, I will play tennis.4. 시간의 부사절을 이끄는 종속 접속사 : 현재가 미래를 대신함When(~할 때), While(~하는 동안,*~인 반면), As (~할 때 *~ 때문에, ~대로, ~함에 따라), Once(일단 ~하면), Until (~할 때 까지), not A until B (B하고 나서야 비로소 A하다), By the time (~할 때 까지는), as soon as (~ 하자마자)She didn`t come until the meeting was half over.(=Not until the meeting was half over did she come)5. 이유, 원인의 부사절을 이끄는 종속 접속사Since, not ~ because… (~이므로 …하지 않다, ~ 이기에 …한 것은 아니다),Now that (~이니까, ~인 이상은)I didn`t call because I didn`t wanted to see her.I didn`t call because I wanted to see her.Now that you mention it, I do remember the event.6. 양보절을 이끄는 종속 접속사though, although, even though, even if7. 목적, 결과의 부사절을 이끄는 종속 접속사① so that, so that: (결과) ~ 그래서so that + 조동사 :(목적) ~하기 위해서
*분사1.분사의 용법-명사수식①분사의 의미: a.현재분사(~하고 있는, ~하는/ 능동, 진행)b.과거분사(~된, ~한/ 수동, 완료)②분사의 위치: a.명사 앞에서 수식(분사가 단독으로 명사를 수식할 때)Basketball is a very exciting sport.b.명사 뒤에서 수식(분사가 목적어, 보어, 부사구 등을 수반할 때)The last person leaving the room must turn off the light.2.분사의 용법-보어①주격보어: a. 현재분사 (~하면서/능동, 진행)He came running towards me.The baby kept crying all night.b. 과거분사 (~하여진, ~된/수동)The problem remains unsolved.She seemed disappointed.②목적격보어: 지각동사, 사역동사, have, like 등의 동사와 함께주어+동사+목적어+분사 의 형태로 쓰인다a.현재분사: (목적어가)~하고 있는 것을 … 하도록목적어와 목적격보어 즉 현재분사는 능동관계I saw a stranger standing at the door.She kept be waiting for an hour.b.과거분사: (목적어가)~하여진, ~된목적어와 목적격보어 즉 과거분사는 수동관계I found my room cleaned.Leave the door shut.c.have(get)+목적어+과거분사I had the car repaired. (~시키다/ 사역)Get the bedsheets changed.I had the car stolen, (~당하다/ 수동)I got my leg broken while playing baseball.3.분사 구문①시간을 나타내는 분사 구문:「~하는 때에, ~한 후에」라는 시간의 의미이다.접속사 while, when, after, as 로 바꿔 쓸 수 있다.Walking in the street, I met a friend. (거리를 걷다가 한 친구를 만났다. )= While I was walking in the street, I met a friend of mine.Finishing the work, we watched TV. (일을 끝내고 나서 우리는 TV를 보았다.)= After we finished the work, we watched the game on TV.②이유를 나타내는 분사구문:「~때문에, ~해서」라는 이유를 나타낸다.접속사 because, as 로 바꿔 쓸 수 있다.Being sick, she was absent from school.(아팠기 때문에 그녀는 학교에 결석 했다. )=Because she was sick, she was absent from school.③조건을 나타내는 분사구문:「~라면, ~한다면」이라는 의미로 조건을 나타낸다. 접속사 if 로 바꿔 쓸 수 있다.Turning to the left there, you will find the building.(왼쪽으로 돌면 당신은 건물을 찾을 것이다. )=If you turn to the left there, you will find the building.④양보를 나타내는 분사구문:「~일지라도, 비록 ~이지만」이라는 의미로 양보의 뜻 이다. 접속사 though, although 로 바꿔 쓸 수 있다.Living next to his house, I don't know him. (그의 옆집에 살았을 지라도, 나는 그를 모른다. )= Though I live next to his house, I don't know him.⑤부대상황을 나타내는 분사구문:「~하면서, ~한 채」라는 동시 동작을 나타낸다. 이를 부대상황을 나타내는 분사구문이라 한다.Saying " Good-bye", he went out of the house. (작별 인사를 하면서 그는 집 밖으로 나갔다. )= He went out of the house as he said " good-bye". (as ~ 하면서)4.분사구문의 기타 주요 사항①독립분사구문: 분사구문의 의미상 주어와 주절의 주어가 일치하지 않은 경우에는 분사 앞에 주어를 밝혀 주어야 한다.It being fine, they went hiking. (날씨가 좋았기 때문에 그들은 하이킹을 갔다.)= As it was fine, they went hiking.There being nothing to do, I went to the movies. (할 일이 없었기 때문에 나는 영화 보러 갔다.)= Because there was nothing to do, I went to the movies.②무인칭 독립분사구문: 분사구문의 의미상 주어가 we, you, they 등 일반인 주어 인 경우에는 의미상 주어를 생략하고 쓰는 것이 보통이다.a.Generally speaking (일반적으로 말해)Generally speaking, English is not easy to speak. (일반적으로 말해 영어는 말하기 쉽지 않다.)b.Considering ~ (~을 고려하면)Considering his age, he sees and hears very well. (그의 나이를 고려하면 그는 보기도 잘 보고 듣기도 잘 듣는다.)c.Judging from ~ (~으로 판단하건대)Judging from his accent, he seems to be an American. (그의 억양으로 판단하건대 그는 미국인인 것 같다.)d.Talking of ~ (~에 대해 이야기하자면)Talking of bears, here is a story for you. (곰에 대해 말하자면 당신에게 해 줄 이야기가 있다.)e.Granting that ~ (~을 인정한다면 , ~을 인정한다 하더라도)Granting that you were drunk, you are responsible for your conduct. (술취했다는 것을 인정한다 하더라도 당신은 당신 행동에 책임을 져야 한다.)f.Compared with ~ (~을 비교하면)Compared with last year, prices have risen by 20 per cent. (작년과 비교해 물가는 20%가 상승했다.)g.Frankly speaking (솔직히 말해서)Frankly speaking, I didn’t do my homework yet. (솔직히 말해 나는 아직 숙제를 하지 않았다.)h.Strictly speaking (엄격히 말해서)Strictly speaking, she is not so good at math. (엄격히 말하면 그녀는 수학을 그렇게 잘하는 것이 아니다.)i.Supposing ~ (~라면)Supposing it were true, what would happen? (그것이 사실이라면 어떻게 될까?)j.Given ~ (~라면)Given good weather, the thing can be done. (날씨가 좋다면, 그 일은 가능하다.)k.Provided (that) ~ = Providing (that) ~ (~라면)Provided (that) all your work is done, you may go home. (일이 다 끝나면 당신은 집에 가도 좋다.)= Providing (that) all your work is done, you may go home.l.Seeing that ~ (~을 보면, ~이므로)His English is not bad, seeing that he has learned it for six months. (영어를 배운지 겨우 6개월이라는 점에서 보면 그의 영어실력은 나쁘지 않다.)③완료분사구문: 주절의 시제보다 하나 더 앞선 때를 나타낸다.Having finished his homework, he is watching T.V.(그는 그의 숙제를 (과거에) 끝낸 후에, 그는 (현재) T.V를 보고 있다)④수동분사구문a.(being)p.p: Written in an easy style, the book has many readers. (쉬운 문체로 쓰였기 때문에 그 책은 많은 독자를 갖고 있다.)=Being written in an easy style, the book has many readers.= As the book was written in an easy style, the book has many readers.b.(having been)p.p: Written in haste, this book has many misprints. (급하게 인쇄됐기 때문에 이 책에는 인쇄 잘못이 많다.)= Having been written in haste, this book has many misprints.
1.문장은 크게 주어부와 서술어부로 나눌 수 있다.주어: ~가, ~이 로 해석되는 부분동사: 주어의 행위를 설명하는 것목적어: ~을, ~를 로 해석되는 부분보어: ~이, ~가 로 해석되며 보충해 주는 것형용사: 명사를 꾸며주는 것부사: 형용사, 동사, 부사, 문장 전체를 꾸미는 말로위의 문장 성분을 제외한 모든 것절: 두 개 이상의 단어가 모여 품사역할을 하는 것 (주어와 동사관계가 성립함)구: 두 개 이상의 단어가 모여 품사역할을 하는 것(주어와 동사관계가 성립하지 않음)2. 연습① One myth / tells / how / a group of gods / had / a meeting / to decide/ where to hide / the “truth of the universe” / from people. (06 18번)② And what a person thinks on his own / without being stimulated / by thethoughts and experiences of other people / is at best insignificant andmonotonous. (06 23번)③ When the clock / said / ten minutes to five, she began to listen, and afew moments later, punctually as always, she heard / the car / approachand stop outside. (06 33번)④ The breadfruit / is a round or oval fruit (that grows on the tropicalislands in the Pacific Ocean.) (06 39번)⑤ when subjects either / could predict / when the bursts of noise wouldoccur or / had the ability (to terminate the noise with a “panic button,”)the negative effects / disappeared. (06 43번)⑥ 06 37번Everyone has instincts, and listening to your inner voice is always a good idea.But when you’re making a decision, following your instincts is necessary but not sufficient.Learning how to use your instincts as a guide in decision making requires effort.After all, no one’s instincts are always correct;so how do you know when to follow them and when to ignore them?Following your instincts could lead you to make impulsive decisions that you may regret later.The key is to learn how to use your instincts to support, not dictate, your decisions.Use your experience to analyze the situation.Your past experience gives you the basis for judging whether your instincts can be trusted.홀수형
: 의 형태로 동사와 명사의 역할을 동시에 하는 것을 동명사라 하며, 「∼하는 것」으로 해석된다.1. 동명사의 용법a. 주어 역할Keeping a diary in English is funb. 목적어 역할My mother started growing flowers.c. 보어 역할His plan is going to England this vacation to study English.2. 동명사의 시제① 단순형 -술부동사의 시제와 동일하다.He is proud of being rich. (그는 자기의 부자라는 것을 자랑한다)= He is proud that he is rich.② 완료형 -술부동사보다 앞선 것을 나타내며 로 표현한다.I regret having said so.= I regret that I said so. (나는 그렇게 말한 것을 후회한다)3. 동명사의 수동태① 단순형 - 술부 동사의 시제와 일치하며 주어가 행위를 당함I don`t like being treated like a child.② 완료형 - 술부 동사보다 앞선 것을 나타내며 주어가 행위를 당함He`s proud of having been born Korea.4. 동명사의 의미상 주어①의미상의 주어가 문장의 주어와 같은 경우I am sure of passing the test.= I am sure that I will pass the test.②의미상의 주어가 문장의 주어가 아닌 경우 - 동명사 앞에 의미상 주어를 목적격 이나 소유격을 써서 표현한다.I don't like her for being lazy.= I don't like her because she is lazy.I agreed on his studying with us.= I agreed that he would study with us.5. 동명사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사abandon, give up 단념하다 avoid, escape, evade, help 피하다, 모면하다complete, finish 끝마치다 consider 고려하다 dislike, mind 싫어하다, 꺼리다quit 멈추다 tolerate 참다 delay, postpone, put off 연기하다 enjoy 즐기다6. 전치사의 목적어로 쓰이는 동명사:전치사는 우리말의 조사와 비슷하여 단독으로는 어떤 뜻을 나타낼 수가 없고,뒤에 명사, 대명사, 동명사를 끌고 나와서 의 형태로서 어떤 뜻을 나타내는 를 이룬다.7. 동명사의 관용적 용법①There is no + R-ing There is no accounting for tastes. 속담There is no knowing what will happen tomorrow.②It is no use[good] + R-ing It is no use crying over spilt milk. 속담③can't help + R-ing = cannot but + R = cannot choose but + R= have no choice[alternative] but + to-RI can't help falling in love with her.④-On + R-ing = As soon as[When] + S + VOn seeing me, he ran away.-in + R-ing = when[while] + S + VYou should be very careful in crossing the street.⑤be worth + R-ing = It is worthwhile + to-RThis novel is worth reading twice and intensively.⑥feel like + R-ing = feel inclined to-R = have a mind to-RI feel like sleeping now.⑦make a point of R-ing =be in the habit of R-ing = make it a rule to-RI make a point of running five kilometers every morning.⑧What do you say to + R-ing ? = How[What] about + R-ing ? = Let's + R= What do you think of (about) + R-ing ?What do you say to dining with me tomorrow ?⑨It goes without saying that S + V =It is needless to say that ∼ = Needless to say, ∼It goes without saying that health is above wealth.⑩spend[waste] + A + (in) + R-ing on + 명사He spends much time (in) listening to Jazz.Don't spend much money on clothes.⑪be busy (in) + R-ing with + 명사He is busy (in) preparing for an exam.I am busy with my task.⑫have difficulty[trouble] + R-ing had much difficulty in stopping smoking.⑬S(物主) + need[require, want] + R-ing His house needs painting.⑭be on the point[verge, brink, edge] of R-ing
