자동사 (목적어=O, 수동태=X)*consist= consist of 만 가능-appear, occur, remain, happen, disappear, A result from B동사 + 목적어 (타동사)marry, attend, enter, discuss, reach, resemble, mention, approach, ask, comprise (be comprised of)We will contact to you=X We will contact you=O동명사가 목적어인 동사Suggest, recommend, consider, stop, finish, quit, discontinue, give up, postpone, dislike, deny, mind, enjoy, imagine, allow, keepHe finished to write his script=X He finished writing his script=OShould생략이동사 request, ask, suggest, propose, command, order, require, demand, desire명사: suggestion, insistence, requirement, pleading형용사: Necessary, essential, imperative, important, advisable, crucialIt is important that the report be handed in on time (should) 생략단수/복수(복수/단수) 확인해서 동사(복수/단수)All, most, any, half, a lot, lots, some, none, part, the rest, the bulk. Percent, one third(분수) of 명사단수 취급하는 수량one, each, every, the number of, some, any, every no*기간/가격/길이/무게= 단수*a price, a noise, a workplace, a result/outcome, measures, belpter방금 막 끝냈음He has gone to New York뉴욕에 가고 없어I have eaten at this restaurant before.거기서 먹어본 적이 있어과거완료: (had+ pp)She had planned to go on a picnic, but it was raining.비가 오던 시점 이전에 소풍을 가려고 계획He had earned five million dollars before he retired at age 14.은퇴하기 전 돈을 모음미래 완료: (will have + pp)At this rate, our profits will have doubled in five years.특정 시점에서 증가한 수익이 6년 후 두배Officials predict that the protesters will have left the area by tomorrow.내일 까지 떠날 것이다By the time Monday comes, I will have recovered from my cold월요일이 올 때쯤이면 난 나아질 거야완료 진행 시제: (have/has/had been + ing)기준 시점 이전에 시작된 일이 기준 시점까지 계속 진행 중임을 표현I’ve been thinking of changing jobs since last May.5월부터 현재까지 생각하고 있는 중He has been doing it so far for the past few hours.몇 시간 전부터 계속 하고 있었어*주절의 시제가 과거일 경우 종속절에는 과거/과거완료I ordered the sofa that I saw in the catalogueHe said that he had witnessed the criminal dead.*by the time 현재 동사, by + 미래 시간 표현= 미래/미래 완료*by the time 과거 동사= 과거/과거완료*yet, so far, since + 과거 시간 표현, over/for + 시간 표현= 현재 완료*최상급 표현= 있어.I wish/ I would rather 가정법I wish I were with you내가 너와 함께 있다면 좋을 텐데I wish I had been with you내가 너와 함께 있었다면 좋을 텐데I would rather he stayed그가 머물러 있다면 좋을 텐데I would rather he had stayed그가 머물러 있었다면 좋았을 텐데as if/ as though 가정법She talks as if/ as though she knew everything그녀는 마치 모든 것을 아는 것처럼 말한다.Jacey talks as if/ as though she had met him제이시는 마치 그를 만났었던 것처럼 말한다.If only 가정법If only I were not allergic내가 알레르기가 없었다면 좋을 텐데If only you had realized what was wrong무엇이 잘못 되었는지 네가 알기만 했다면 좋았을 텐데It’s about/high time 가정법It’s about/high time he switched careers to one he likes better.(과거 동사만 가능하다) 그가 더 좋아하는 것으로 직업을 바꿔야 할 때다.Were it/ Had it 가정법Were it not for the snow, the traffic would be going smoothly (If not for/without, 현재 상황의 반대)눈이 안 왔으면 차가 안 막혔을 텐데Had it not been for your help, I wouldn’t able to do it (if/not for, without, 과거 상황의 반대)너의 도움이 없었다면, 난 못했을 거야관사(a/an/ the)부정관사 표현What a shame, It’s a pity, ask a favor, what a coincidence, not a big deal, take a walk*an= 명사의 발음 확인 하기 (ex: MBA M이지만 a MBA=X 등은 무조건 ‘조동사 + ing/pp’ 사이에 들어와야 함They were still talking about their next planswell, right, waywell below zero (훨씬)right beside the post office (바로)way above average (훨씬)so/tooso+ 형용사/부사+ that~too= 부정적인 느낌 too exorbitant (너무 과도한)전치사시간을 나타낼 때In/At/OnIn= 월/연도/시간(~후에 in five hours=5시간 후에), 계절/세기, 오전/오후/저녁At= 시각/시점(at the beginning of class= 수업 시작에), 정오/밤/새벽On= 날짜, 요일, 특정일*next, last, this, that, one, every, each, some, any, all 등을 포함한 시간 표현= 전치사=XSee you on next Friday=X See you next Friday=O장소를 나타낼 때 in/at/onIn= (상대적 큰 공간) 내의 장소 (in the world= 세계에, in the room= 방에)At= 지점, 번지 (at the station, at 31 park Avenue)On= 표면 위/ 일직선상의 지점 (on the shelf/roof, on the street)*in/at/on 숙어 표현in time, in place(제자리에), in order, in one’s opinionat one (즉시, 단번에), at times(때때로), at one’s expense (~의 비용으로) at the latest (늦어도)on time (정시에), on sale (판매중인, 할인 중인)by/untilgive me a call by noon (정오까지 반드시 내게 전화를 해라)available until two o’clock (2시까지 이용이 가능)기간을 나타내는 전치사For/during + 기간 (=~동안)Over/ throughout + 기간 (=~서The script is abridged in that some scenes have been removed (몇 장면이 제거되는 점에서~)Lest ~ should= 하지 않도록Cool off for a few moments, lest it should burn your mouth (커피에 입이 데이지 않게 잠깐 식혀)어순명사를 수식하는 형용사가 여러 개 올 경우순서/서수 -> 수 -> 판단/태도-> 크기/길이/형태-> 색깔/ 원료The first two small blue pills*as, that, too= so와 같이 as/that/too+ 형용사 + a/an 명사As brilliant a plan as any, that short a haircut, too stubborn a competitor to backsuch/ quite a(an)+ 형용사+ 명사quite a large deposit (꽤 많은 보증금)비교 구문As~AsHis eccentric ideas about the civil rights of robots are as divorced from reality as can beMore + 원급 + than + 원급하나의 사람이나 사물이 가진 두 가지 성질이나 성격을 비교할 때Dan is more sly than wise (= Dan은 현명하다가 보다 교활하다)비교급 강조*any better*much/even/still better=O very better=X최상급 강조by far, quite 등*최상급 뒤에 있는 명사가 명확= 명사 생략 가능He is the tallest (player) of all the players in his team생략/대용/도치동위 접속사에서 연결된 절에서 반복되는 어구 생략The Enlightenment was an era of intellectualism and (생략) of the social reformHope, guess, be afraid, think, suppose등의 동사 뒤에서 앞서 언급한 내용이