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[연세대학교 물리학과 물리학실험(A-1)] 11번 실험 결과레포트 (연세대학교 물리학과 전공필수 실험과목)

Physics Lab (A-1)Final Report< Lab 11. MOSFET Switches >Experimenter***ID Number**********Major******ClassPHY2105-01-01Team*Date2019. 5. 31.楷技措切背拱府切苞傈傍鞘荐拱府切角氰 (A-1)1. Experiments & GoalsIn this experiment, we will see the MOSFET’s enormous DC input resistance, but also the large input capacitance that makes it hard to switch fast. Then the remainder of the lab is given to trying applications for the so-called analog switch or transmission gate: a switch that can pass a signal in either direction, doing a good job of approximating a mechanical switch, or more precisely, the electromechanical switch called a relay.2. Theories1) Structure of MOSFETIn order to arrive at the structure of the MOSFET, we begin with a simple geometry consisting of a conductive (e.g., metal) plate, an insulator (“dielectric”), and a doped piece of silicon.Equation Q = CV suggests that, to achieve a strong control of Q by V, the value of C must be maximized, for example, by reducing the thickness of the dieleubstrate.” To allow current flow through the silicon material, two contacts are attached to the substrate through two heavily-doped n-type regions because direct connection of metal to the substrate would not produce a good “ohmic” contact.2 These two terminals are called “source” (S) and “drain” (D) to indicate that the former can provide charge carriers and the latter can absorb them.As explained in Section 6.2 on the next page, with n-type source/drain and p-type substrate, this transistor operates with electrons rather than holes and is therefore called an n-type MOS (NMOS) device. We draw the device as shown in Fig. 6.2(b) for simplicity. Figure 6.2(c) depicts the circuit symbol for an NMOS transistor, wherein the arrow signifies the source terminal.Before delving into the operation of the MOSFET, let us consider the types of materials used in the device. The gate plate must serve as a good conductor and was in fact realized by metal (aluminum) in the early generations of MOS techreferring to a fabrication method used in early days of microelectronics. We should also remark that these regions in fact form diodes with the p-type substrate (Fig. 6.3).As explained later, proper operation of the transistor requires that these junctions remain reverse-biased. Thus, only the depletion region capacitance associated with the two diodes must be taken into account. Figure 6.3 shows some of the device dimensions in today’s state-of-the-art MOS technologies. The oxide thickness is denoted byt _{ox}.2) Operation of MOSFET3. Experimental Processes1) Switching at Higher Frequencies(1) Design the circuit as above.(2) Set a frequency of 10kHz and an input voltage of 1V on the function generator.(3) Drive a square wave and observe the output on the oscilloscope.(4) Repeat the same process by changing the frequency.(5) Change the resistance to 220ヘ and repeat the same process.(6) Change the resistance to 100kヘ and observe the difference.4. Experimental Results & Analysis1) Switchthat we expected was the constant gate voltage and the square output voltage. The default settings and the outputs are shown below.< The Default Settings of the Function Generator >< Voltages at kHz, R = 10kヘ >As demonstrated on the figure above, the circuit is not working well as a complete switch. The gate voltage is observed constant, but the output voltage is not displayed as a square wave. To recognize the behavior with the 10kヘ resistor, we changed the frequency to the lower values and repeated the same process. The results are shown below. We used 100Hz, 500Hz, 1kHz, 3kHz, 5kHz and 7kHz frequencies to see the shape changes.< Voltages at 100Hz, R = 10kヘ >< Voltages at 500Hz, R = 10kヘ >< Voltages at 1kHz, R = 10kヘ >< Voltages at 3kHz, R = 10kヘ >< Voltages at 5kHz, R = 10kヘ >< Voltages at 7kHz, R = 10kヘ >With low frequencies than 3kHz, the clear square waves were displayed on the oscilloscope. With the frequencies 3kHz or more, the waveform started to show finite slopes at the edget signal, which means the circuit has perfectly operated as a FET switch. We concluded the low load resistance brings high frequency range. To make it sure, we applied the 100kHz square wave and observed the output. There was a small slope variation displayed on the oscilloscope, but the entire effect is pretty negligible. Then, we repeated the same process with the 100kヘ resistor to see the entire behavior of the circuit. The schematic and the results are shown on the coming pages.< The Schematic of the FET Switch with 220ヘ Resistor >< Voltages at 10kHz, R = 220ヘ >< Voltages at 100kHz, R = 220ヘ >< The Schematic of the FET Switch with 100kヘ Resistor >< Voltages at 10kHz, R = 100kヘ >Just as we can see on the figure above, the circuit with the 100kヘ resistor totally blows up the input square wave. In conclusion, the load resistor with low resistance allows the FET switch circuit to operate well in high frequency range.5. DiscussionWe designed a FET switch circuit and tried to find the cotion

자연과학| 2019.07.23| 11페이지| 5,000원| 조회(128)

A1, A-1, 연세대학교 물리학과, 물리학실험 A-1, 물리학과 전공필수

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[연세대학교 물리학과 물리학실험(A-1)] 10번 실험 결과레포트 (연세대학교 물리학과 전공필수 실험과목)

Physics Lab (A-1)Final Report< Lab 10. Voltage Regulator >Experimenter***ID Number**********Major******ClassPHY2105-01-01Team*Date2019. 5. 24.연세대학교 물리학과 전공필수 물리학실험 (A-1)1. Experiments & GoalsIn this experiment, we will design and observe the functions and the behaviors of several voltage regulators. We are going to use fundamental functions of operational amplifier circuits and transistors that we have learned in previous experiments. By combining them properly, we will be able to construct several types of the voltage regulator, like a low-dropout voltage regulator and a switching voltage regulator.2. Theories1) Voltage RegulatorA voltage regulator is a system designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may use a simple feed-forward design or may include negative feedback. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.Electronic voltage regulatoin parallel with the load (shunt regulator) or may place the regulating device between the source and the regulated load (a series regulator). Simple linear regulators may only contain a Zener diode and a series resistor; more complicated regulators include separate stages of voltage reference, error amplifier and power pass element. Because a linear voltage regulator is a common element of many devices, integrated circuit regulators are very common. Linear regulators may also be made up of assemblies of discrete solid-state or vacuum tube components.The shunt regulator works by providing a path from the supply voltage to ground through a variable resistance (the main transistor is in the "bottom half" of the voltage divider). The current through the shunt regulator is diverted away from the load and flows uselessly to ground, making this form usually less efficient than the series regulator. It is, however, simpler, sometimes consisting of just a voltage-reference diode, and is used iin discrete pulses rather than a steady current flow. Greater efficiency is achieved since the pass device is operated as a low impedance switch. When the pass device is at cutoff, there is no current and dissipates no power. Again when the pass device is in saturation, a negligible voltage drop appears across it and thus dissipates only a small amount of average power, providing maximum current to the load. In either case, the power wasted in the pass device is very little and almost all the power is transmitted to the load. Thus the efficiency of a switched-mode power supply is remarkably high-in the range of 70-90%.Switched mode regulators rely on pulse width modulation to control the average value of the output voltage. The average value of a repetitive pulse waveform depends on the area under the waveform. If the duty cycle is varied, the average value of the voltage changes proportionally.Like linear regulators, nearly complete switching regulators are also available as integrateers can’t produce arbitrarily large voltages or arbitrarily large currents or change output voltage arbitrarily quickly.The ideal operational amplifier is a simple model of an operational amplifier that is linear. It is characterized by restrictions on its input currents and voltages. The currents into the input terminals of an ideal operational amplifier are zero. Also, the node voltages at the input nodes of an ideal operational amplifier are equal.For nodal analysis of circuits containing ideal operational amplifiers, it is convenient to use the node equations to analyze circuits. There are three things to remember. Firstly, the node voltages at the input nodes of ideal operational amplifiers are equal. Thus, one of these two node voltages can be eliminated from the node equations. Secondly, the currents in the input leads of an ideal operational amplifier are zero. These currents are involved in the KCL equations at the input nodes of the operational amplifier. Lastly, the output cterminal Regulator: 317We designed a three-terminal voltage regulator circuit to recognize the voltage controlling behavior as we apply various DC voltages to the transistor. Specifically, there is a given intermediate voltage of 1.25V between the output and the adjustable nodes, so that we used a multimeter to give an intended bias. We defined the input voltage and the input frequency of 10V and 100Hz, respectively. Here’s the entire schematic that we used for this experiment.< Schematic of the Adjustable Three-terminal Voltage Regulator Circuit >We found out the required voltage on the DC power supply to give the potential of 1.25V is 5.2V. Firstly, we started with a square wave and increased the DC voltage connected to the transistor. We connected a multimeter and an oscilloscope on the output node to read both the numerical value and the shape of the output voltage. Here’s the result of the square wave input.< Default Input Setting on the Function Generator >< Output Voltage on ther

자연과학| 2019.07.23| 12페이지| 5,000원| 조회(142)

A1, A-1, 연세대학교 물리학과, 물리학실험 A-1, 물리학과 전공필수

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[연세대학교 물리학과 물리학실험(A-1)] 9번 실험 결과레포트 (연세대학교 물리학과 전공필수 실험과목)

Physics Lab (A-1)Final Report< Lab 9. Op-Amp 4 >Experimenter***ID Number**********Major******ClassPHY2105-01-01Team*Date2019. 5. 17.연세대학교 물리학과 전공필수 물리학실험 (A-1)1. Experiments & GoalsIn this experiment, we will check how the positive feedback of the operational amplifier can be useful in reality. Also, we are going to look at one more benign use of positive feedback, an active filter, and then spend most of our time with circuits that oscillate when they should not. We are going to attempt to bring on oscillations, then to stop them.2. Theories1) Operational AmplifierThe operational amplifier is an electronic circuit element designed to be used with other circuit elements to perform a specified signal-processing operation.< An Integrated Circuit and Nodes of the Operation Amplifier >< An Operational Amplifier Including Power Supplies >There are plus and minus input signs in the triangular part of the symbol of the operational amplifier. The plus sign identifies the non-inverting input, auickly.< The Ideal Operational Amplifier >The ideal operational amplifier is a simple model of an operational amplifier that is linear. It is characterized by restrictions on its input currents and voltages. The currents into the input terminals of an ideal operational amplifier are zero. Also, the node voltages at the input nodes of an ideal operational amplifier are equal.For nodal analysis of circuits containing ideal operational amplifiers, it is convenient to use the node equations to analyze circuits. There are three things to remember. Firstly, the node voltages at the input nodes of ideal operational amplifiers are equal. Thus, one of these two node voltages can be eliminated from the node equations. Secondly, the currents in the input leads of an ideal operational amplifier are zero. These currents are involved in the KCL equations at the input nodes of the operational amplifier. Lastly, the output current of the operational amplifier is not zero. This current is involved in ttional amplifier, respectively.3. Experimental Processes1) VCVS Active Filter(1) Design the circuit on the next page.(2) SetR_gain to 2.2kΩ, providing the response with the flattest passband.(3) Confirm that both circuits behave like a low-pass filter; notef_3dB.(4) Use a conventional sweep, while triggering the scope on the function generator’s RAMP output.(5) Watch the circuit’s response to a 200Hz square wave, and note particularly the overshoot that grows with circuit gain.(6) Try a triangle as test waveform.2) Op-amp with Buffer in Feedback Loop(1) Construct a circuit with components above.(2) Try the circuit without speaker attached: feed the circuit a sine wave of a volt or so, at around 1kHz, and confirm that the circuit follows, without showing crossover distortion.(3) Add an 8Ω speaker as load.(4) Try an installed capacitive load of 0.001muF if there is no misbehave.(5) Try several remedies on the manual.4. Experimental Results & Analysis1) VCVS Active FilterFirstly, we desig1-0.060.0120.07248001-0.05-0.0080.042To easily confirm the function of the lowpass filter, I drew a graph according to the data. The graph is presented on the next page.< Frequency ? Gain Graph of the Node 6 >We can easily recognize the gain decreases as the frequency increases. This is a brief behavior of the lowpass filter. The result on channel 2 is also demonstrated below.< Output Voltage Data on the RC Part >Frequency [Hz]Input Voltage [V]Minimum Voltage [V]Maximum Voltage [V]Output Voltage [V]101-0.420.520.941001-0.420.520.945001-0.360.50.868001-0.340.440.788501-0.320.440.769001-0.320.420.7410001-0.30.420.7212001-0.260.380.6417001-0.180.320.520001-0.160.260.4224001-0.1760.1720.34834001-0.1160.1040.2248001-0.0640.060.124Being similar to the result on the channel 1, we can easily recognize the gain decreases as the frequency increases. This is a brief behavior of the lowpass filter. So that our first mission to prove the function of the lowpass filter is accomplished. The frequencysquare waveform on the function generator. The result is presented below.< Settings of the Function Generator for the Step Response of Square Wave >< Responses to the Square Input on the Node 6 and the RC Part >According to the photo above, it is obvious that the input square wave is distorted and the output voltage shape came out in smooth shape. After confirming the distorted waveform, we changed the input waveform to ramp and repeated the same process. The result is shown on the next page.< Settings of the Function Generator for the Step Response of Triangular Wave >< Responses to the Triangular Input on the Node 6 and the RC Part >Here, we could observe the output waveform was not that distorted. Over all processes, we completed our mission to present the expected behaviors of the output waveform.2) Op-amp with Buffer in Feedback LoopThen, we built a new circuit containing an operational amplifier, two transistors, several resistors and capacitors. However, we could not receive anyon

자연과학| 2019.07.23| 13페이지| 5,000원| 조회(111)

A1, A-1, 연세대학교 물리학과, 물리학실험 A-1, 물리학과 전공필수

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[연세대학교 물리학과 물리학실험(A-1)] 8번 실험 결과레포트 (연세대학교 물리학과 전공필수 실험과목)

Physics Lab (A-1)Final Report< Lab 8. Op-Amp 3 >Experimenter***ID Number**********Major******ClassPHY2105-01-01Team*Date2019. 5. 3.연세대학교 물리학과 전공필수 물리학실험 (A-1)1. Experiments & GoalsIn this experiment, we will check how the positive feedback of the operational amplifier can be useful in reality. Firstly, we will design a simple comparator and see how the better behavior of a comparator is performed by the positive feedback. Secondly, we will design an op-amp RC relaxation oscillator and observe its properties. Finally, we will see some applications for low frequency FM and a sinewave oscillator.2. Theories1) Operational AmplifierThe operational amplifier is an electronic circuit element designed to be used with other circuit elements to perform a specified signal-processing operation.< An Integrated Circuit and Nodes of the Operation Amplifier >< An Operational Amplifier Including Power Supplies >There are plus and minus input signs in the triangular part of the symbol of the operationaltions for an operational amplifier to be linear, which are|v_{o}|LE{v_{sat}},|i_{o}|LEi_{sat} and|{dv_{o}(t)}over{dt}|LESR. The saturation voltage, the saturation current and the slew rate are all parameters of an operational amplifier. These restrictions reflect the fact that operational amplifiers can’t produce arbitrarily large voltages or arbitrarily large currents or change output voltage arbitrarily quickly.< The Ideal Operational Amplifier >The ideal operational amplifier is a simple model of an operational amplifier that is linear. It is characterized by restrictions on its input currents and voltages. The currents into the input terminals of an ideal operational amplifier are zero. Also, the node voltages at the input nodes of an ideal operational amplifier are equal.For nodal analysis of circuits containing ideal operational amplifiers, it is convenient to use the node equations to analyze circuits. There are three things to remember. Firstly, the node voltages at the input nons of practical operational amplifiers. In contrast, the finite-gain operational amplifier model accounts for several nonideal parameters of practical operational amplifiers, namely: nonzero bias currents, nonzero input offset voltage, finite input resistance, nonzero output resistance and finite voltage gain. This model more accurately describes practical operational amplifiers than does the ideal operational amplifier. Unfortunately, the more accurate model is much more complicated and much more difficult to use than the ideal operational amplifier.(a), (b), (c) and (d) are an operational amplifier, the offsets model of an operational amplifier, the finite gain model of an operational amplifier, and the offsets and finite gain model of an operational amplifier, respectively.3. Experimental Processes1) Two Comparators(1) Observe the output voltage.(2) Change the input frequency and observe the output voltage.(3) Add the positive feedback as below.2) Op-amp RC Relaxation Oscillator(1)hat we replaced the operational amplifier with LF311 operational amplifier and designed circuit as below.< Schematic of 311 Comparator without Feedback >We set the voltages of +15V and ?15V on the nodes of the amplifier and set the input voltage with amplitude of 50mV and frequency of 1kHz on the function generator. As we driven the signal, the output voltage was displayed on the oscilloscope. We were able to acquire the square wave, but there was a problem. Unexpected noises were observed on the input and the output voltages. We tried many attempts like changing input frequency, voltage, waveform, but there were no notable improvement on the oscilloscope. Therefore, we regarded the phenomenon as an error generated by the circuit components and moved onto the next session.< Settings of the Function Generator and the DC Power Supply >< Input and Output Voltage Displayed on the Oscilloscope >2) Op-amp RC Relaxation OscillatorThen, we connected several resistors and a capacitor to the ampf the Wien Bridge >Here, we could not see the light on the lamp. Even though we confirmed the current flows on every single part of the circuit, we could not observe any change on the lamp. Also, in this experiment, we changed the bias on the nodes of the amplifiers, which were initially +15V and ?15V, to get the most smooth output voltage.< Setting of the DC Power Supply >By many trials, we concluded that the high DC voltage provides the most outstanding output behavior, so that we set the voltage of 31.9V, which is the maximum voltage that can be generated on the DC power supply. The output voltage is shown below. We can see the edge is not that sharp on the square wave.< Output Voltage of the Wien Bridge on the Oscilloscope >5. DiscussionWe designed 3 circuits in total to generate the square wave with the operational amplifier. Firstly, we formed a circuit without a feedback loop and recognized a large noise both in the input and the output voltages. The noise was too large that it tion

자연과학| 2019.07.23| 11페이지| 5,000원| 조회(135)

A1, A-1, 연세대학교 물리학과, 물리학실험 A-1, 물리학과 전공필수

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[연세대학교 물리학과 물리학실험(A-1)] 7번 실험 결과레포트 (연세대학교 물리학과 전공필수 실험과목)

Physics Lab (A-1)Final Report< Lab 7. Op-Amp 2 >Experimenter***ID Number**********Major******ClassPHY2105-01-01Team*Date2019. 4. 19.연세대학교 물리학과 전공필수 물리학실험 (A-1)1. Experiments & GoalsIn this experiment, we will check how the operational amplifier can replace previous circuits by using basic properties. Firstly, we will see some limitations of the operational amplifier such as slew rate, offset voltage, bias, etc. Secondly, we will design integrator and differentiator circuits and observe their functions. Finally, we will construct an AC amplifier and check the function off a microphone amplifier.2. Theories1) Operational AmplifierThe operational amplifier is an electronic circuit element designed to be used with other circuit elements to perform a specified signal-processing operation.< An Integrated Circuit and Nodes of the Operation Amplifier >< An Operational Amplifier Including Power Supplies >There are plus and minus input signs in the triangular part of the symbol of the operationants or change output voltage arbitrarily quickly.< The Ideal Operational Amplifier >The ideal operational amplifier is a simple model of an operational amplifier that is linear. It is characterized by restrictions on its input currents and voltages. The currents into the input terminals of an ideal operational amplifier are zero. Also, the node voltages at the input nodes of an ideal operational amplifier are equal.For nodal analysis of circuits containing ideal operational amplifiers, it is convenient to use the node equations to analyze circuits. There are three things to remember. Firstly, the node voltages at the input nodes of ideal operational amplifiers are equal. Thus, one of these two node voltages can be eliminated from the node equations. Secondly, the currents in the input leads of an ideal operational amplifier are zero. These currents are involved in the KCL equations at the input nodes of the operational amplifier. Lastly, the output current of the operational amplifier in model of an operational amplifier, respectively.3. Experimental Processes1) Slew Rate(1) Design a circuit with components above.(2) Drive the input with a square wave, in the neighborhood of 1kHz, and look at the output with a scope.(3) Measure the slew rate by observing the slope of the transitions.(4) Switch to a sine wave, amplitude a volt or so, and measure the frequency at which the output waveform begins to distort.(5) Measure the slew rate and compare with the square wave case.(6) Change to another op-amp and compare with a typical slew rate.4. Experimental Results & Analysis1) Slew RateThis day, we were given an opportunity to choose and perform only a single experiment, so that we chose the slew rate measurement experiment. Our expectation was to acquire some unordinary shape of the output voltage on the oscilloscope as we set the frequency high. We used two types of waveform and two types of operational amplifiers to compare the slew rate behaviors. Here’s the basic schemator and the DC Power Supply at 100kHz >< Input and Output Voltage Curves on the Oscilloscope at 100kHz >As we see the photos, we can observe there exists a measurable slope on the screen. According to the table on the previous page, we concluded the slew rate is a value nearby 6.5V/mus.Then we changed the waveform to sine, but we couldn’t get any expected data. Even though we increased the frequency up to 1MHz, output waveform was so smooth that we could not get any value for the slew rate calculation. Therefore, we concluded the slew rate of the LF411 amplifier is 6.5V/mus only with the square wave measurements and replaced the amplifier with LM741. We repeated the same process both with square and sine waves. The results are shown on the coming pages.< Schematic for the Slew Rate Measurements with LM741 >< Slew Rate Data of the Square Wave Using LM741 >Frequency [Hz]V_min [V]V_max [V]V_10% [V]V_90% [V]t_10% [sec]t_90% [sec]Slew Rate [V/mus]10000-0.4880.512-0.3880.4120.0000001350.000016-0.000000140.0000008950.76057971500000-0.2560.376-0.19280.31280.0000001650.0000007850.8*************00-0.0920.212-0.06160.18160.000000210.0000004880.874820144< Settings of the Function Generator and the DC Power Supply at 300kHz >< Input and Output Voltage Curves on the Oscilloscope at 300kHz >< Settings of the Function Generator and the DC Power Supply at 500kHz >Firstly, we set the frequency to 1kHz, but it was impossible to measure the slope because there was no unusual behavior of the output voltage. Therefore, we started the measurements with 300kHz. By the photos, we can observe the output curve is not a standard sine wave anymore in the high frequency region. According to the data, there are some fluctuations in the calculation, but still we concluded the slew rate is nearby 0.8V/mus. Combining with the square wave case, we concluded the slew rate of the LM741 amplifier is near 0.7V/mus or 0.8V/mus and therefore the slew rate is regardless of the input waveform.< Input and Outon

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A1, A-1, 연세대학교 물리학과, 물리학실험 A-1, 물리학과 전공필수

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