2012년 싸이의 강남스타일이 전 세계적으로 성공을 거둔 이후, BTS와 블랙핑크 등 케이 팝은 활발히 해외에 진출하고 있다. 강남스타일의 성공이 재치 있는 콘텐츠와 중독적인 멜 로디등 다양한 원인에 기인한 것이었다면1), 케이팝 아이돌들의 해외 진출은 탄탄한 팬베이 스를 기반으로 한다는 차이가 있다. 다양한 국적으로 이루어진 수많은 팬들의 적극적인 지 원 하에 케이팝은 세계적으로 여느 때보다 사랑받고 있다. BTS는 한국 가수 최초로 그래미 노미네이트라는 영광을 얻었으며2), 블랙핑크는 한국 아티스트 최초로 코첼라 헤드라이너가 되는 영예를 안았다3). 이렇듯 전 세계적으로 사랑받는 케이팝은 다양한 사회문화 현상들을 수반한다. 본 논문은 그중에서도 영미권 수용자들이 케이팝을 수용할 때 어떠한 문화적 갈 등이, 어떤 이유로 발생하는지에 대해 탐구하고자 한다. 영미권 케이팝 팬들은 국내 팬들과 다른 사회문화적 배경을 가지고 있으므로, 같은 현상 도 국내 팬들과는 다르게 해석하곤 한다. 예를 들어, 국내 팬들은 문제없이 받아들였던 콘셉 트나 의상들이 해외 팬들에게는 비판받을 수 있다4). 한국 팬들이 보정한 가수의 사진이 영 미권 수용자들에게는 ‘화이트워싱’으로, 즉 백인의 흰 피부를 선망하는 인종주의적 행위로 받아들여지기도 한다5). <중 략>이러한 현상들은 케이팝과 미국 사회 사이에 엄연한 권력의 차이가 존재한다는 것을 시사한다. 이렇듯 소수자의 위치에 있는 케이팝을 수용할 때, 영미권 수용자들은 종종 서구중심주의를 적용한다. 이러한 관점은 다양한 문화적 갈등을 낳는다. 본 논문에서는 코리아부(Koreaboo), 화이트워싱(Whitewashing), ‘Western validation’ 담론을 통해 이러한 문화적 갈등의 원인과 양상을 탐구하고자 한다. 코리아부와 화이트워싱은 충분한 선행 연구가 이루어진 바 있기에 서구중심주의의 관점에서 간략히 살펴보고, western validation은 담론 분석을 수행하고자 한다. 특히 케이팝의 해외 수용과 관련한 사회문화적 갈등은 BTS와 블랙핑크의 성공적인 미국 진출 이후 더 심화했다. 따라서 두 그룹이 속하는 케이팝 3세대에14)15) 한정하여 분석하고자 한다.
British and American PoetryDec 7, 2021Assignment ScriptUp-Hill by Christina RosettiDoes the road wind up-hill all the way?Yes, to the very end.Will the day’s journey take the whole long day?From morn to night, my friend.But is there for the night a resting-place?A roof for when the slow dark hours begin.May not the darkness hide it from my face?You cannot miss that inn.Shall I meet other wayfarers at night?Those who have gone before.Then must I knock, or call when just in sight?They will not keep you standing at that door.Shall I find comfort, travel-sore and weak?Of labour you shall find the sum.Will there be beds for me and all who seek?Yea, beds for all who come.1. Brief introduction of the poemIt is religious poetry written by Christina Rossetti. Through the exchange of conversation, the author compares life to upping hill. The main theme is that there’s a bunch of challenges we face throughout life, but we all will be able to reach a place to rest in the end.2. Explanation of the conveys a message about everyday life.There are two speakers in this poem. So, we tried to recite the poem as if two people were reciting. Also, we included some scenes that show the atmosphere of this poem.4. Meanings of each lineDoes the road wind up-hill all the way?Yes, to the very end.Will the day’s journey take the whole long day?From morn to night, my friend.In the first stanza, the speaker asks if the road is up-hill all the way, and will it take the whole day to the end. Their journey has taken some time, and they want to know how the end will be. According to the answer, their journey will last till night.But is there for the night a resting-place?A roof for when the slow dark hours begin.May not the darkness hide it from my face?You cannot miss that inn.In the second stanza, the message gets clearer. First narrator seems anxious and unsure. They ask if there’s a place they can rest at night. As the second speaker answers there’s a place, they’re worried they might miss thate is concerned that they will be unwelcome. The first speaker hopes to find friends, and are told that they will. The anxieties of the first speaker and the confidence of the second contradicts.Shall I find comfort, travel-sore and weak?Of labour you shall find the sum.Will there be beds for me and all who seek?Yea, beds for all who come.When you get there, which probably means when you’re dead. You’ll be travel-sore and weak because you’ve struggled through life. Anyway, you will find the sum of the labor you put in. Also, there are beds for all who come. This means everybody will get their ‘place’ when they’re dead.5. Construction of the poemThis poem has four stanzas consisting of four quatrains (four-line stanza). Also, whole parts are composed with an ABAB rhyme scheme. In “A” (first and the third line of each stanza), one asks a question, and the other answers it in “B” (second and fourth line in each stanza). For example, in the first stanza, the words ‘way’ ‘day’ at the end of n unstressed word such as the end of the first stanza, ‘from MORN to NIGHT, my FRIEND.’ However, there are other kinds of meter too in the poem and thus it makes the poem structure tricky. For example, line 9 ‘SHALL I meet OTHER wayfarers at night?’ is a trochee, unstressed word followed by a stressed word, opposite as iamb. Christina Rossetti mixtures these irregular meters to emphasize certain phrases.6. Techniques and how it contributes to the contentsThe narrator has no name; thus, the reader naturally can be a part of a conversation as a narrator and read the poem subjectively, referring to their own experiences. The narrator who answers the question is not a way of climbing a hill. Rather, he/she seems to address or encourage another one who is on a way of climbing uphill like a guide. Also, the guide calls the wayfarer ‘friend’ in the last sentence of the first stanza. This is what Christ calls his disciples. He/she might be God or Jesus who leads people to the right path. We cahis poem, various kinds of metaphors are used to compare upping hill to life. A journey is a metaphor for life. Life journey is considered a painful task in this poem as we can see from the sentence “Does the road wind up-hill all the way?” “Yes, to the very end.” A wayfarer is looking for a place to rest, which is a metaphor for heaven. Lastly, in the last stanza, some words are repeated such as ‘Shall I find…?’ ‘…you shall find…’ and ‘Will there be beds for me and all…?’ ‘Yes, beds for all who come.’ By using word repetition, the author tries to express the feeling of the narrator trying to reassure the narrator.7. The poem's overall meaningThis poem symbolizes life by the image of ‘up-hill’. The journey will continue through the night, and travelers will find a place to rest at the end of it. Other travelers will be there too, and everybody’s welcome. Nobody can miss that place and there's a bed for everybody who has to rest.This is a symbolic story of life. At the end of your journ.
British and American PoetryOct 25, 2021Different Perspectives on AgingIn this essay, I will be comparing the poem by Kevin Griffith and the song by John Mayer. Kevin R. Griffith is an American poet and short fiction writer. His poem, , is about aging and looking back at the past he was young and ambitious. John Mayer is American singer, songwriter, and guitarist. John Mayer said in one interview that he wrote when he was touched on a time when he suffered from a 'quarter-life crisis'. Just like what he said, talks about how the time flies and how he’s afraid of it. These two works are similar in that they all talk about aging and the discomfort it gives. However, there are three differences in how the topic is being discussed.First, to talk about these two works’ similarity, they all express the discomfort of aging. In , the speaker talks about his past, when he was young. His youth is too far away that “no one remembers him well.” However, there are few memories that are left- “a few pictures of the old dictator”-, in that picture, he looked youthful and his eyes were bright. But these are just old memories. Meanwhile, in , the speaker seems to be afraid to become old. In this line “So scared of getting older, I'm only good at being young”, the speaker talks straightforward how he’s aged and afraid of aging. He says the ‘train (used as a metaphor for ‘time’)’ is moving too fast and he can’t take the speed of it.However, there are some dissimilarities in the way they discuss aging. First, these works are comparing aging (growing up) to different things. In , the speaker says “And on this planet, there are many small wars”. ‘war’ here alludes to the adversities and conflicts he went through while growing up. Thus, likens the process of aging to ‘war’. On the other hand, alludes aging to a journey. In this song, the speaker is on an unstoppable train. Although he wants to ‘get off and go home’, there is no way to slow down or stop the train. So, here, aging is compared to a journey that is unstoppable.Second, the self-image of the speakers after aging is different. In , the speaker’s younger self is represented as “the old dictator”. However, the dictator is gone and the committee is in charge now. This means the speaker is separating his younger self from his older self. Whereas, there is no separation of the younger self and the older self in . No matter how old the speaker becomes, he is still the same person with his younger self. The self-image here just continues as a line.To sum up, the poem and the song all talks about discomfort of aging. But there’s difference in what’s being compared to aging, and how the self-image of speaker changed through aging. I personally prefer ’s discussion because I could sympathize with it more than . After losing my grandfather last year, I started to think about death often. Seeing my parent losing their parent made me think about the cycle of life. This thought really frightens me so I really felt this line, “Don’t want to see my parents go”. I, too, want to stop this train, but I’ll never be able to.
Grounds for Anti-Refugee SentimentRefugees refer to people who have fled to other countries to avoid persecution, war, terrorism, extreme poverty, famine, and natural disasters. According to the UNHCR's announcement, as of the end of 2020, the number was 82.4 million, the highest ever. When Yemeni refugees came to Jeju Island in 2018, the impact was enormous. People who oppose refugee acceptance posted petitions against on the national petition website and received consent from more than 200,000 people. There were also claims that Yemeni refugees were "fake refugees" and came to "shop" Korea's welfare. This anti-refugee sentiment is a strong starting point for taking a conservative attitude toward refugee acceptance. There are various grounds for anti-refugee sentiment. Three most well-known ones will be checked in this essay. Since the grounds for anti-refugee sentiment may not be valid, we should closely examine the evidence rather than uncritically accepting them.First, people with mber of Muslim-related cases among the perpetrators of international terrorism have been highlighted, there has been a perception that Muslims will be potential terrorists. In fact, some Islamic extremists showed extreme terrorism and criminal activities, including the 2015 Paris terrorist attacks. So, are all Muslims terrorists? Looking at the top five groups of 2019 perpetrator groups responsible for more than 100 terrorist attacks, the Taliban, Houthi extremists, ISIL, Boko Haram, and Al-Shabaab are all Muslims. Since most of the groups that attack terrorism are Muslims, there is a growing tendency to recognize Muslims with terrorism. But the important thing is, in order to prove that all Muslims are terrorists, you need to know how many people belong to these terrorist organizations. Without proving this, the claim that all Muslims are potential terrorists is hard to be verified.Next, refugees are often considered potential criminals. If refugees are potential criminals, the incidees should rise. According to New American Economy, nine out of the 10 cities that implemented the most refugee resettlement programs showed a decrease in crime rate. The only one city that showed increase was the area which had a serious drug problem, even before refugees came. If refugees were likely to be involved in crimes and actually committed crimes, the crime rate in the above areas should have risen after refugees were accepted. In other words, it can be said that the claim that refugees are potential criminals is unreasonable.Lastly, it is argued that accepting refugees will cause financial damage. In other words, accepting refugees will affect the job market negatively and wastes taxpayers' money. First, will accepting refugees lead to a shortage of jobs? Looking at Turkey, which actually accepted a large number of Syrian refugees, it was found that wages didn’t decrease and labor was not oversupplied. Turkey has offset the increased local labor supply by increased demand fornts. In addition, some refugees started small and medium-sized businesses and become employers. They invested $334 million in the Turkish economy and created an average of 9.4 jobs per company. Thus, the argument that refugees will take away locals’ jobs isn’t true. Next, let’s see if accepting refugees will waste taxes. According to Michael Clemens of Center for Global Development, U.S. refugees bring tax revenues that exceed the national costs of resettlement support. He says the fastest way to turn refugee settlement costs into profits is to support refugee employment. If they get a job and successfully settle down, they pay tax to the hosting country and this eventually becomes a profit for the country. In other words, the cost of supporting refugee settlement is exceeded by profits as refugees settle successfully. The resettlement cost is not a loss, but an investment.So far, we have looked at three factors that serve as the basis for anti-refugee sentiment. First, the view of allourse, many Islamic terrorist organizations are active and they are committing terrorism. But it is not known how many of the total Muslims are participating in the terrorist organization. There’s possibility that only a very small percentage of Muslims participate in terrorist organizations. Therefore, the idea of ‘refugee=terrorist’ can be seen as generalizing the whole by looking at the activities of Islamic terrorist organizations. Next, the claim that refugees are potential criminals was not valid. As seen in a study, crime rates even fell in areas where refugees were accepted. Lastly, there is no basis for the perception that jobs will disappear and taxes will be wasted if refugees flow in. If refugees settle down and engage in economic activities, they can bring economic benefits to the hosting country. As such, we analyzed the main grounds for anti-refugee sentiment. There are claims that have some grounds, but there are claims that are not probable. Rather than believing the ply.
셰익스피어 기말고사 에세이(1) Please read Macbeth’s soliloquy in Act 5 Scene 5.She should have died hereafter;There would have been a time for such a word.Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrowCreeps in this petty pace from day to dayTo the last syllable of recorded time;And all our yesterdays have lighted foolsThe way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle.Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor playerThat struts and frets his hour upon the stage,And then is heard no more. It is a taleTold by an idiot, full of sound and fury,Signifying nothing.Discuss the lines ‘Tomorrow...death’ in terms of fate and chance in Macbeth's life.이 대사는 아내가 죽었다는 소식을 들은 뒤, 맥베스가 기회라고 생각한 것들(던컨과 뱅코 등을 죽인 것)이 실은 자신을 파멸로 이끌었으며, 자신의 운명이 곧 끝을 맺으리라는 그의 깨달음을 보여준다. 맥베스는 살인을 저지르며 왕위를 차지할 기회를 얻었다고 생각했겠지만 그것은 기회가 아니었다. 온갖 끔찍한 일들을 저지르며 왕위를 차지했지만 그에게 남은 것은 아무것도 없으며 그의 앞날에는 파멸만이 기다린다."Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrowCreeps in this petty pace from day to dayAnd all our yesterdays have lighted foolsThe way to dusty death."또한 그는 이 대사를 통해 지나온 과거의 매일매일은 그저 어리석은 자들을 죽음에 한 걸음 더 가까워지게 할 뿐이라고 말한다. 맥베스의 입장에서 이는 자신의 운명을 빗대어 말하는 것이라고 볼 수 있다. 맥베스가 권력을 차지하기 위해 지난날 저질러 왔던 끔찍한 일들은 그를 번영과 풍요가 아니라, 파멸로 이끌었다. 그가 야망을 성취하기 위해 하루하루 이뤄왔던 일들은 성취의 과정이 아니라 파멸을 향한 여로였다. 그는 결국 자신을 기다리는 것은 죽음뿐이라는 것을 받아들인 듯 보인다. 인생은 잠깐 빛나다 꺼지는 촛불과도 같이 무상하며, 이로 인해 맥베스는 ‘촛불(인생)’에게 그만 타오르라고 말하고 있다. 맥베스는 이제 자신의 유일한 동반자를 잃었으며 곧 자신의 목숨까지 잃을 예정이다. 맥베스는 자신이 죄책감을 무시하며 저질러왔던 끔찍한 죄들이 결국 의미 없는 일에 불과했다는 것을 깨닫는다.(2) Please read Lady Macbeth’s famous line in Act 5 Scene 1.Lady Macbeth: Here’s the smell of the blood still. All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. Oh, Oh, Oh!Discuss the effect of hyperbole ‘All the perfumes of Arabia’ on the reader or the audience. Can they experience catharsis by the line?아라비아의 모든 향수들도 피비린내를 지우지 못한다는 것은, 레이디 맥베스에게 주어진 죄책감이 얼마나 큰 것인지를 효과적으로 보여주는 표현이다. 이 대사를 통해 우리는 그녀가 죄책감을 지우기 위해 애를 썼으며, 그런 각고의 노력에도 불구하고 죄책감은 씻겨지지 않았다는 것을 알 수 있다. 이미 던컨과 뱅코는 죽음을 맞이했다. 맥베스가 왕위를 차지하도록 하기 위해 레이디 맥베스와 맥베스가 저지른 일들은 결코 되돌릴 수 없다. 이는 한 사람이 지은 죄가 지워지지 않고 그 대가를 치룰 때까지 남아있다는 것을 의미한다.레이디 맥베스의 과장을 통해, 관객들은 그녀가 느끼는 고통을 실감하며 카타르시스를 느끼게 된다. 도덕주의 관점에 따르면 카타르시스는 감상자들이 연민과 공포를 느끼며 중용의 감정 상태에 이르는 것이다. 위 대사를 통해 감상자들은 레이디 맥베스에게 공포와 연민을 동시에 느낄 수 있다. 자신이 한 번 저지른 죄는 쉽게 씻겨지지 않는다는 공포와, 그 지워지지 않는 죄책감에 괴로워하는 레이디 맥베스에 대한 연민이 바로 그것이다. 하지만 레이디 맥베스와 맥베스가 저지른 죄는 워낙 크기 때문에 연민은 오래가지 않는다. 다만 자신의 죄에 괴로워하는 죄인의 뒤늦은 후회를 안타까워할 뿐이다. 반면 씻을 수 없는 죄의 크기가 얼마나 큰 것인지는 과장된 표현을 통해 생생히 느낄 수 있으므로, 감상자들은 공포를 느끼게 된다. 이러한 두 가지 감정을 느끼며 감상자들은 과도하지도 결여되지도 않은, 감정의 중용 상태에 도달하게 된다.