1.TitleDetermination of the Decomposition Rate of a Complexusing Extinction Measurement2.AbstractDetermine the wavelength of maximal absorbance λmax of trioxalatomanganate (III) in the wavelength region of 400 to 600 nm. And then, the rate order, rate constant and the decomposition half-life of trioxalatomanganate (III) can be determined by measuring absorbance on the basis of the reaction law and the Beer-Lambert law.3.Data & Results① Determination of the maximum absorption wavelength1-1. below shows volume of the three stock solutions and distilled water of each solutions 1&2.The concentration of manganese(2)-sulfate, oxalic acid and potassium permanganate in solution2 is twice as high as that of the solution1.1-2. The result of measuring the maximum absorption wavelength of trioxalatomanganate (III) by using UV-visible spectrophotometer is as follows.1) solution1Maximal absorbance λmax of Solution1 is 456nm-457nm.4544554564574584590.3790.3820.3830.3830.3820.3812) Solution2Maximal ar reaction.2)solution2Because the graph of ln(A) vs t is close to straight line, it is first-order reaction.2-4. Determine the rate constant by the slope of the straight line using the mathod of least squares.1) solution1k=-(slope of the graph)= 0.0656/min2) solution2k=-(slope of the graph)= 0.0271/min2-5. Determine the half-life.1)solution1t(1/2)=ln(2)/k=10.6min2)solution2t(1/2)=ln(2)/k=25.6min2-5. The above results are summarized in below.reaction orderrate constanthalf-life.solution110.065610.6solution210.027125.64.discussion① Experimental result analysis1) Rate constantFirst, in this experiment, the rate constant k was determined through the slope of the ln(A) vs. t graph. The reason why the -(slope) value of the correction curve is k is because the trioxalatomanganate (III) decomposition reaction is first order reaction. If it is not first-order reaction, but zero or second- order reaction, would the rate constant k be the same as the -(slope) value?Absorbance A=ebc(e:molar absor)2) Rate orderThe rate order is obtained by using the fact that the graph is close to straight line. But, is this the only way to determine the rate order of trioxalatomanganate (III) decomposition reaction?The fact that the two solutions with different concentrations have the same half-life can show that the reaction is the first-order reaction. According to the on integrated rate law, half-life of the first-order reaction is ln2/k. Therefore, the half-life is affected only by the rate constant k regardless of the initial concentration. That is, if the half-life of the two solutions is similar, it can be seen that the reaction is the first-order reaction.3) ConcentrationSolution 1 & 2 with different concentrations were used in this experiment. So what experimental values will vary depending on the difference in concentration?First, chroma of the color of both solutions is different. In the experimental video, solution2 with twice the concentration have a higher croma than Solution1. Tges, there is no change in the d obital splitting energy of trioxalatomanganate, which affects the maximum absorbance wavelength, and the k is only affected by the activation energy and temperature regardless of concentration. Therefore, if the concentration of the two solutions is different, the maximum absorbance wavelength and the rate constant should be the same.In other words, two solutions with different concentrations differ in chrome of color and absorbance, but the maximum absorbance wavelength and k value are the same.5) absorbanceThe maximum absorbance of solution1 was 0.383 in this experiment. Thus, in experiments observing absorbance over time, the initial absorbance should be similar to 0.383, but it was approximately 0.2. The reason is that trioxalatomanganate was decomposed before Kinetic measurement due to the time difference. For an accurate experiment, the two values must be similar, but even though they differ, it is not a problem achieving the purpose of the experilexes, and they will absorb the light of various wavelengths corresponding to their energy.6)distilled waterWhy do we always run the experiment of cuvette with cuvettes? This is because infrared light can come out of the lamp and affect the experimental value.② Cause of errorThe rate constant k of solution1 and solution2 is not the same in this experiment. According to the Arrhenius formula --- , the k should be same regardless of concentration, but it is not. Why did this error occur?1) Temperature differenceAccording to the Arrhenius definition, temperature affects the value of k. Although the temperature of the laboratory was 18 degrees at the beginning of the experiment, the temperature of the laboratory dropped to 17.5 degrees after the experiment. As the temperature changes in the middle of the experiment, errors can occur.2) Differences in maximum absorbance wavelengthsThe results show that the maximum absorbance wavelength in the first solution is -- but the maximum absorbance
Final essayThe Analects of Confucius is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples. So the Analects are written in very suggestive and poetic language, so they are not easily understandable. However, people have studied and learned until now about the Analects that is the world Confucius dreamed and painted for a long time. Of course, some people may think of the Analects as just ethical books with moral content and doubt why should learn it. Therefore, I would like to explore the Analects that suggest another way of looking at the world, focusing on the four Confucian virtues; humaneness, righteousness, ritual propriety, wisdom(knowledge).First, "Humaneness" means "humaneness" itself in a narrow sense, but in a broad meaning, it is a value encompassing all of the four virtues of confucianism. In other words, it is the basis and foundation of them. Therefore, understanding humaneness is the starting point for the Analects. So what is "humaneness"? In Seolmunyalty” and “Reciprocity." In other words, faithfulness and consideration for others are necessary principles and attitudes to live with others. If human have a mature self through them, make themselves right and respect each other, then " humaneness " can be expanded socially. That is, humaneness is not limited to two people, and it is meaningful to create a united world through the expansion of their interdependent relationship. Thus, " humaneness " is love for others and the essence of the mind to make the world one.I just outlined about humaneness that is basic virtue of human being. And then, what is the proper way to express the love of others in the situation? That is “righteousness”. In other words, it is the criteria and basis for thinking and behavior that express a benevolent mind according to situation. Since “righteousness” is not unchangeable rule that is external to the mind, but is the inherent standard of justifiable behavior in the human mind. So, it can vary at any tiriteria in consideration of their relationship with others. These “righteous profits” can be seen in themselves as meaningful and through pursuit of them, the whole society benefits itself. Earlier, I suggested that "humaneness" is not only dependent on the relationship between the two, but on the value that must be extended to the whole world. Likewise, righteousness does not apply only to people. It does not focus only on the relationship between humans, but also the relationship between human and non-human being. As such, " righteousness" allows us to look back on ourselves to create a world where various values are respected and harmonized. The righteousness can only be revealed in the process of properly expressing human beings based on sincerity. Therefore, " Righteousness " is the criterion for judging behavior to benefit the world and is inherent in the human mind.As such, the "Humaneness" on the basis of the mind should be properly expressed according to the situation through opriety”. To achieve this, people need to make steady efforts to overcome(conquer) their selfishness and understand and respect each other's differences. Also, as with " righteousness," the " ritual propriety " pursued by Confucius also implies the relationship between nature and people. And the “li” balanced with circumstance is important, too. Regarding passage 3.15, the professor explained that Confucius' actions were not disrespectful but rather true “li”. That is, Ritual propriety” that harmonize with the situation and time is the act of becoming human with others. Therefore, the ritual form should be reorganized to match the trend of the times. So, "li" is a concrete expression of practicing ethical morality as life, and people can become one with each other through harmonious Humaneness and " ritual propriety”.Finally, “Knowledge/wisdom” develop insight to form the right values. “Knowledge/wisdom” does not just mean the accumulation of knowledge or the improvement of intellectuaincere student in everything is very important. My colleague also said “It would be nice if the students to know the knowledge by them.” Thus, students can live a true life by studying if they learn by themselves. In conclusion, " Knowledge/wisdom" is a learning and thinking which seek wisdom for benefits for the world.I have discussed four Confucian virtues that are humanness, righteousness, ritual propriety and knowledge/wisdom. To sum up, humanness is human being, and righteousness is the basis of action and thinking to become human. Also, ritual propriety is external quality and behavior to live in harmony, and wisdom is knowledge to make life rich and happy. As I reflected on the four virtues of the Analects I learned during the semester, I found that the four virtues of Analects was all formed through a link like a circle. After all, I think the four values are to unite with the world. And, I was very impressed on this point. Especially, I felt that I should study harder for the
