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Hirschsprung's disease(히르쉬스프룽병)란 무엇인가?

About Hirschsprung’s disease.Hirschsprung’s disease (HD).Congenital aganglionic megacolon.Enteric peristaltic movement disorder.Affects the part of the large intestine-Most commonly in rectum and sigmoid colon (short-segment)-Rare cases in entire colon(includes small intestine) (long-segment).Result of lack of normal nerves (ganglion cells) in submucosal and myenteric plexus.Affects 1 in 5000 live births(Lauren and Allecia, 2019)<중 략>Aetiology.Patients with trisomy 21 (Down’s syndrome) are 10 times more likely to have HD compared with the normal population..Caused by mutation in RET gene (chromosome 10)

의/약학| 2021.08.03| 13페이지| 1,500원| 조회(129)

Hirschsprung, 히르쉬스프룽병, hirschsprung’s dise..

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심장병, 간경화 검사에 사용되는 혈액속 여러 효소, 단백질

The excessive accumulation of fat increases several inflammatory substances, which can lead to disease. Adipose tissue is energy storage and at the same time secreting adipokines as an endocrine organ. It is associated with these adipokines that adipose tissue causes inflammation. In adipose tissue of obese people, macrophages are transformed from active. Activated macrophages secrete various adipokines. Adibocaine increases insulin resistance and decreases the ability to protect blood vessels. Adiponectin secretion decreases, while adipokine secretion increases. Adiponectin is an anti-inflammatory adipokine, and one of its important roles is to increase insulin sensitivity and to protect blood vessels. As a result, it increases the risk of coronary artery disease, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and myocardial infarction. Additionally, adipokines cause dyslipidemia.

학교| 2021.08.03| 4페이지| 2,500원| 조회(122)

HDL, bilirubin, ALP, CHOLESTEROL, ALT, ast, Tr..

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정자 형성에 관한 호르몬의 영향

Multicellular organisms make their progenies by ovum and sperm. These cells combine and make new organisms, and this combination called fertilization. When it comes to ovum and sperm, the procedure of generation of ovum and sperm is called oogenesis and spermatogenesis respectively.What is spermatogenesis?As mentioned above, spermatogenesis is the process of sperm formation. This occurs in seminiferous tubule of the testis. Spermatogenesis starts around 12 to 14 years of age and be continued without being stopped during the lifetime. In these process, a number of kinds of hormones influence to the products; sperm and ovum. This assay will describe that what hormones is in spermatogenesis and how this hormones effect.

생물학| 2021.08.03| 5페이지| 3,000원| 조회(122)

호르몬, 정자, 정자형성

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베타-갈락토시다아제에 대한 금속 이온의 억제 효과 비교

A Comparison of the Inhibitory Effects of Metal Ions on β-GalactosidaseIntroductionThere are mainly two ways to inhibit enzymes which are competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors. The significant difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitor is that a molecule will bind to an enzyme at either active site or the other site to inhibit any further reaction. In noncompetitive inhibition, an enzyme will be bound with noncompetitive inhibitor and there will be a change in an active site of the enzyme. Consequently, a substrate cannot bind to the changed-active site, unless the noncompetitive inhibitor leaves. Heavy metal poisoning is one of the examples of noncompetitive inhibitor of an enzyme due to no competition for the active site. In addition, covalent bond will be formed by heavy metal ions and affect to change the tertiary structure so that the shape of the active site will be changed (Berg, Tymoczko and Stryer, 2002).β-galactosidase [3.2.1.23] (Escherichia coli) has fo galactose and oNP. oNPG has no color while oNP has yellow color .The objective of the experiment is to compare the inhibition rates of the production of oNP, from the hydrolysis of oNPG, over a given time between four different metal ions (cadmium, iron, copper, and zinc) by β-galactosidase.Methods2,000 p.p.m. of four metal solutions (cadmium, iron, copper, and zinc) were prepared to dilute (Table. 1).Table. 1: Dilution of metal solutions.2,000 p.p.m. stock metal solution (ml)Distilled water (ml)Strength of metal solution in p.p.m.0.012.996.60.022.9813.40.032.9720.00.052.9533.40.12.966.60.22.8133.20.32.72000.52.53341.02.06661.51.51,000Four 2,000 p.p.m. stock metal solutions were diluted with distilled water to prepare different strength of metal solution from 6.6 p.p.m. to 1,000 p.p.m..96-well plate was used to measure values at 420 nm in a microplate reader. The blank wells were prepared from A1 to D1 adding 150 µl of water with 100 µl of oNPG substrate. The control wells were added ctivity and % inhibition on cadmium ion at 30 minutes.Each dilute cadmium sample with its different concentration resulted different values of % activity and % inhibition. The lowest concentration of cadmium ion showed the lowest % inhibition while the highest concentration of cadmium ion showed the highest % inhibition, 2.158 % and 43. 527 % respectively. Column 3 (2.667 p.p.m. concentration) was chosen for the sample calculation (below part of the table).Figure. 3: Plots of % inhibition against different concentrations of cadmium ion at 30 minutes. The inhibition rate is gradually increased from the lowest concentration to the highest concentration with error bars. IC50 value was plotted using the result (Table. 3), indicated as 114 p.p.m. on 22.843 % of inhibition.Table. 4: Results of enzyme % activity and % inhibition on iron ion at 30 minutes.Each dilute iron sample with its different concentration resulted different values of % activity and % inhibition. The highest concentrationion on zinc ion at 30 minutes.Each dilute zinc sample with its different concentration resulted different values of % activity and % inhibition. The lowest concentration of zinc ion showed the lowest % inhibition while the highest concentration of zinc ion showed the highest % inhibition, 1.116 % and 49.785 % respectively. Column 3 (2.667 p.p.m. concentration) was chosen for the sample calculation (below part of the table).Figure. 6: Plots of % inhibition against different concentrations of zinc ion at 30 minutes. The inhibition rate is gradually increased from the lowest concentration to the highest concentration with error bars. IC50 value was plotted using the result from table 6, indicated as 104 p.p.m. on 25.451 % of inhibition.Table. 7: The estimated IC50 values of four metals.Metal ionIC50Copper156 p.p.m.Cadmium114 p.p.m.Zinc104 p.p.m.Iron37 p.p.m.The IC50 value of each metal was determined via the result graphs (Figure. 3 - 6). The highest IC50 value was for copper ion (156 p.pion > lead ion > cadmium ion > zinc ion (Wolfrom and Tipson, 1962).On the other hand, our results of inhibition reaction of four metals with the sulfhydryl groups in β-galactosidase demonstrated in the order of copper > zinc > cadmium > iron ion. Meanwhile, the order of IC50 value of four metals were copper > cadmium > zinc > iron ion (Table. 7). The result of enzyme inhibition by iron ion might be a limitation result because all the other three metals got the highest inhibition rate on the highest concentration of the metals. Possibly, there was a mistake on the last well where the highest concentration of iron ion was supposed to be there. In addition, it can be explained that the inhibition by the metal ions would be affected by various experimental environment conditions such as salt, pH, and metals. Specifically, the enzyme activity of β-galactosidase will be dependent on pH value. One study investigated the pH dependence of β-galactosidase from Escherichia coli at different pH co

자연과학| 2021.08.04| 12페이지| 2,000원| 조회(100)

금속이온, 억제 효과, 베타 갈락토시다아제

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Alginate Spheres에서 효모 세포의 캡슐화

Encapsulation of Yeast Cells in Alginate SpheresSummaryThe aim of this experiment is to understand how yeast works when it is encapsulated by alginate matrix. In the experiment, dried baker’s yeast, 1% solution of sodium alginate and 13% calcium chloride solution were used to produce the alginate-yeast beads. The beads were then transferred to a glucose solution so that the fermentation could be conducted. The amount of carbon dioxide released from the fermentation was measured to compare the rate of release between encapsulated yeast and non-encapsulated yeast (fig. 1). Filtration of the solution after fermentation using filter paper was carried out to observe the clarity of the solution. From the observation of the solution and the rate of its release, it was concluded that encapsulated yeast produced a significantly lower amount of carbon dioxide and the solution fermented by encapsulated yeast was clearer and it took less time to filter than the solution fermented by non-encapsulat consisting residues of beta-1,4-linked D-mannuronic acid and alpha-1,4-linked L-glucuronic acid (fig. 2), obtained from brown seaweed.Figure 2. Alginate structure (Tønnesen and Karlsen, 2002).Figure 3. Calcium cross-linking in alginate (Tønnesen and Karlsen, 2002).Alginic acid and its salts are applied widely in controlled-drug release systems because they are non-toxic and biodegradable. Their potentials lie in the ability of gel-forming, stabilizing and thickening properties. Alginate bead-making process in pharmacotherapy is different from the experiment because of the complexity in the drug properties and the administration routes.Alginate-based diffusion systems are polymer-membrane system and polymer-matrix system. In the polymer membrane system, the drug is encapsulated in a drug reservoir compartment. The drug release is controlled by the membrane having specific permeability. In the polymer matrix system, the drug is homogeneously dispersed in a polymer matrix. When exposed tross-linked with calcium chloride (fig. 3), the osmotic pressure gradient between the alginate matrix and the environment is an important factor in the swelling process.Depending on the pH of the environment, the drug is released differently. Under acidic conditions, swelling of beads hardly occurs, thus the drug is released by diffusion through the insoluble matrix. Under neutral conditions, the beads swell and the drug is released by swelling and erosion process. The swelling and erosion process depends on concentration of the alginate components. At high glucuronic acid concentration, the drug retarding is most effective because glucuronic acid conformation provides a high degree of calcium coordination, therefore a more rigid polymer matrix is formed that is less prone to swelling and erosion. At high mannuronic acid concentration, the polymer matrix is more softer, more elastic but less porous and less prone to erosion. The situation can be different for drug that interacts stronglps.What was the purpose of the calcium chloride solution? Discuss in terms of how the beads are actually formed.Calcium chloride solution was used to induce cross-linking with sodium alginate. It is because the calcium ions would replace the sodium ions in the polymer. Thus, beads would be formed entrapping yeast in a three-dimensional lattice of ionically cross-linked alginate.Compare the activity of the yeast in the beads (in the glucose solution) and in the glucose solution. Is this what you expected?The activity of the yeast was observed by measuring the volume of gas which was carbon dioxide evolved during fermentation. As we expected, the free yeast converted glucose into ethanol faster than the immobilised yeast.Compare the ease and effectiveness of filtration of the mixtures. What does this tell you about the advantages and disadvantages of encapsulating yeast in alginate beads?The solution fermented by encapsulated yeast was clearer and took less time to filter than the solut of the use of alginate beads to encapsulate an enzyme other than the one used in yeast. Give the journal reference (not included in the word count).Urease would be an example of enzyme immobilization on calcium alginate beads. Urease is a nickel dependent metalloenzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea, forming carbon dioxide and ammonia. By immobilizing the urease, it can be applicable in blood urea estimation which is repeatable and economical (Kayastha & Das, 1999).Alginate beads can also be used for drug delivery. How are the beads different from the drug delivery from agar in experiment one?In alginate matrices, encapsulated drug can be released by degradation of the cross-linked alginate gel. On the other hand, hydrogel polymers such as agar, have an ability to swell in an aqueous medium so that drug release will be controlled by the rate of swelling.ReferencesKayastha, A. M. & Das, N., 1999. A simple laboratory experiment for teaching enzyme immobilization. Biochemical Edu1

자연과학| 2021.08.04| 6페이지| 2,000원| 조회(149)

효모, 캡슐화, Alginate Spheres

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