• 과목: 외국어습득론• 과제: 오류 분석 연구는 오류가 학습자의 학습 수단으로 이용 할 수 있다는 중요한 접근을 할 수 있게 해주었지만 장점 못지 않게 여러 가지 문제점을 가지고 있다. 오류 분석 연구의 문제점이 무엇인지 서술하시오.Ⅰ.서론한국어 학습자들이 한국어를 배우는 과정에서 무수한 시행착오를 겪는다. 문화적 차이, 감정 소모, 스스로에게 동기부여 등 여러 가지가 있는데, 그들 스스로 가장 극복하고자 하는 부분은 끊임없는 오류 발생이다. 외국어를 배우는 학습자라면 오류 발생은 피할 수 없는 부분이지만 고급 실력으로 가기 위해서는 자신이 어떤 부분에서 오류를 자주 만들고 어떻게 수정하는 것이 알맞은 것인지 파악 해야만 한다. 한국어 교육자들 또한 학습자들의 오류를 다루는데 있어서 분석하고 교육하지만 그 안에서 나타나는 문제점들이 있다. 이번 과제에서 오류와 오류분석이란 무엇이고 오류분석을 하는 과정에서 어떠한 문제들이 일어나는지 살펴볼 것이다.Ⅱ.본론1. 오류오류를 연구하는 교수진들은 오류와 실수는 엄연히 다른 것으로 바라본다. 실수란 모국어 화자도 자주 하는 것으로 무엇이 맞고 틀린지 이미 아는 언어체계를 무의식적으로 무너뜨리는 현상이며 때때로는 유희적 목적으로 일부러 실수를 하기도 한다. 예를 들면, 한 드라마의 대사였던 “나, 너 좋아하냐?”라는 문구는 자신의 감정은 자신이 알고 있음에도 불구하고 의도적으로 앞뒤 호응이 맞지 않은 문장을 구사함으로써 상대방에게 강한 인상을 주는 대화를 이끌었다.반면, 오류란 화자가 해당 언어의 구조나 체계, 또는 기능을 잘못 인식하고 있음으로 인해 무너진 언어 형태가 발생되는 것이다. 이를 테면, 한국어 학습자가 자신의 잘못으로 인해 회사를 그만두게 된 사람에게 “시작이 반이다”라는 속담을 사용하게 된다면 상황에 맞지 않은 말을 하게됨으로서 그 학습자는 회사를 그만둔 사람과 깊은 관계를 맺는데 어려움이 있을 것이다. 또한 이러한 예시와 같은 맥락이 맞지 않는 말을 한 발화자는 스스로 잘못된 점을 인지 하지 못하는 것도 언어에 오류가 있음을 보여준다.2. 오류의 원인이번 문장에서는 오류가 어떠한 과정에 의해 생성되며, 오류의 종류에는 어떠한 것들이 있는지 알아볼 차례이다.가장 먼저 오류를 발생시킨 발화자의 발화를 연구하고 분석하는 것이 오류의 원인을 결정짓는 단계이다. 무엇이 반복적인 오류를 발생 시키는지, 구체적으로 어떠한 유형의 인지 전략과 변인들이 반복적인 오류와 관련되어 있는지 파악할 수 있다. 원인과 과정을 파악한다면 해당 오류를 줄여나가는데 핵심적인 역할을 할 수 있다.첫 번째로는 언어 간 전이라고 볼 수 있다. 학습하고 있는 언어가 무엇이 되었든, 제2외국어를를 학습하고 있는 학습자라면 모두 가지고 있는 오류의 가장 큰 원인이다. 특히나 외국어를 배우는 초반 단계에서 오히려 모국어가 외국어 학습을 방해하는데 우리는 이것을 “모국어 간섭이 일어난다”라고 표현한다. 제 2외국어 학습자가 새로운 언어를 배우는데 있어서 가져올 수 있는 지식은 모국어를 통해 배운 지식밖에 없기 때문이다. 예를 들어, 한국어의 어순은 주어, 목적어, 동사 순이지만 영어에서는 주어, 동사, 목적어 순이라는 것을 배웠지만 직접 발화를 하는 상황에서 가장 익숙한 모국어의 어순으로 문장 구조를 발화하게 되는 오류가 반복적으로 나타나게 되는 것이다.다음은 언어 내 간섭이다. 언어내 간섭은 부정적 전이의 하위 개념으로 학습한 목표어 즉, L2의 규칙을 잘못 적용한 경우를 말한다. 목표어의 규칙을 어느정도 학습한 상태이지만 다른 항목들을 잘못 사용하는 것인데 예를 들어 형용사 ‘추운’을 “춥어요”라고 발화하는 상황이나 ‘계란’의 수를 셀 때, ‘계란 열 마리’라고 잘못된 수 단위를 사용하는 경우이다.L2 학습 단계에 따라 나타나는 부정적 간섭의 관계는 초급에서 주로 언어간 간섭이 나타나도 중급과 고급 단계에서 언어내 간섭 현상이 증가하는 현상을 보인다. 또한, L1과 L2의 차이가 적을 수록 간섭은 오히려 증가하고, 차이가 클수록 간섭은 감소한다. 게다가, 두 언어 사이의 차이가 매우 클때는 L1과 L3는 서로 간섭하지 않고 오히려 사라지게 된다.세 번째 원인은 학습의 장이다. 여기서 ‘장’이란 목표언어의 학습이 이루어 지는 주된 공간을 말하는데 교실이 될 수도 있고 사회적 상황이 될수도 있다. 교실이 ‘장’이라고 한다면 교사 또는 교재가 잘못된 문법과 학습을 시키는 것을 말하며 예를 들자면 특정한 문법이 수학의 공식처럼 ‘A라는 문법항목은 반드시 B의 상황에서만 사용된다’ 라고 전달하는 것이다. 또한 사회적 상황의 장에서는 원어민들로부터 잘못된 언어를 습득하는 것을 말한다. 방언이 익숙한 원어민이 학습자에게 방언의 특정 단어를 표준어라고 전달하게 되면 학습자는 틀린 언어를 습득하게 되는 것이다. 또 다른 경우의 예시는, 걸그룹 소녀시대의 티파니는 교포로써 한국어에 익숙하지 않았을 당시 ‘주부습진’이라는 단어의 뜻을 몰라서 다른 멤버들에게 물어보니, ‘한국 여성 주부들이 입는 청바지’라고 설명을 들어 한때 ‘주부습진’이 청바지라고 알고 있었다는 일화가 있다. 이렇듯 사회라는 장에서 받게되는 간섭이 언어학습을 방해 할 수 있다.마지막은 의사소통 전략이다. 목표어로 소통하기 위해 학습자 나름대로 전략을 세우게 되는데 그 전략이 원어민들은 이해할 수 없는 새로운 단어를 창조한다던가, 자신의 모국어 의사소통방식과 같이 과도하게 직접적, 또는 우회적인 것들을 말한다. 새로운 어휘를 만드는 것은 영어권 학습자가 한국어를 배울때 ‘모자’라는 단어를 몰라서 ‘머리햇’이라는 말을 지어내서 소통하는 하는 것인데 ‘모자’라는 단어를 그 이후로도 학습하지 않는다면 잘못된 단어를 지속적으로 사용하게 될 것이다.위에서 살펴본 바와 같이, 여러 가지 유형의 간섭과 무수히 많은 변인들로 인해 생성되는 오류들이 존재할 수 밖에 없다.3. 오류분석의 문제점다음으로는 오류분석의 문제점을 알아보려고 한다. 먼저, ‘오류분석’이란 L2 학습자의 언어체계를 전문적으로 알아보기 위해 생성하는 오류를 연구하는 것을 일컬으며 모국어의 부정적인 영향을 받아 생성된 오류와 다양한 종류의 원인에서 밝혀지는 오류를 분석한다. 하지만 이러한 오류 분석에는 문제점이 존재한다.첫 번째, 학습 초기단계부터 학습자의 오류 분석에만 너무 많은 집중을 하게 되면 오히려 학습자가 편안하게 발화할 수 있는 기회를 놓치게 되며 유창성을 감소하게 된다는 문제점이 있다. 학습자가 긴장하지 않는 심리상태에서 발화 할 수 있도록 격려해야 다양한 어휘와 문법 구조를 학습과 습득할 수 있다. 오류에만 집중 하는 것은 학습자가 틀리기만을 기다리는 분위기를 형성 할 수 있기 때문에 교사가 적당한 기준을 지치는 것이 중요하다.두 번째, 언어에는 4대 영역이 존재한다. 바로 듣기, 말하기, 읽기 쓰기이다. 하지만 오류분석은 표현 영역인 말하기와 쓰기에서 생성되는 오류를 강조하며 이해 영역인 듣기와 읽기에서는 오류분석이 간과되고 있는 실정이다. 언어를 배운다는 것은 이 4대 영역 중 어느 하나도 덜 중요한 부분이 없으며 총괄적으로 향상되어야 수준이 올라갈 수 있다.셋째, 오류분석이 분석할 수 없는 부분이 있는데 바로 회피전략이다. 학습자들이 회피전략을 사용해 특정 항목들을 사용하지 않는다면, 해당 학습자가 언어 체계가 부족하여 회피하는 것인지 알 수 없다. 한 학습자가 ‘-거든’이라는 표현을 정확하게 사용할 수 있는 지식이 부족하여 사용하지 않는다면 분석하는 전문가는 이 학습자가 오류를 만들어 내는지 바르게 사용하는지 알 수 없다.Ⅲ.결론한국어 학습자들은 끊임없이 오류를 만들어 내지만 자신의 오류를 파악하고 수정하는 과정 또한 유의미한 학습 방법이다. 이러한 학습법을 효율적으로 완수하기 위하여 우리 교육자들은 다양한 언어권의 학습자들이 어떠한 오류를 만들어 내는지 그 양상을 연구하여 한국어를 이해 하는데 정확도를 높일수 있도록 일조 해야 한다. 특히나 현재 오류 연구는 중국어와 일본어 학습자들에게만 치중되어 있어, 언어권별 학습자들의 실력을 편중시키기도 한다. 여러 나라의 학습자들이 한국어를 유창하게 사용할 수 있도록 전문적인 오류분석이 이루어 질 필요가 있다.참고문헌장준영 , 진흥원격평생교육원블로그, https://m.blog.naver.com/greyyyyyy/222076338514
A Philosophy of the Infant and Toddler Years Child Development College DUE DATE: Submitted to: We believe, as Early Childhood Professionals, that we have a responsibility to the children and families that we care for. The Child Development class has helpedlearn what we can do to enrich the development of children. Every educatormust put into practicethe best strategies so that we are able to understand childhood behaviours and can take action in order to attend to every child’s needs. We are the ones accountable for the classroom environment. ECE’s connect with families; therefore, feedback is important for educators in order to do the best job possible. Feedback must be considered in the way that the classroom is run. Children need rules while playing to reduce conflict and to have guidelines in order to develop healthy social relationship. Frequent discussions about each situation with the children arebeneficial so that the children learn to cope with situations. This will make them feel more secure and they will develop their problem solving skills.This will also help the children learn self-regulation. It is important to give children the time that they need; since every each child has different abilities and learns differently; rushing them would cause anxiety and self-doubt. For example when children are trying to zip up by themselves, we should wait instead of interruptingthem.This encourages children to try other new things on their own. ECE’s have a big influence on how well a child learns to handle different tasks, we must be conscious of our words and actions because they can have a big effect on the children. We also believethat as future ECEs,we should form safe and organized attachments in the children by providing care and communication. Children need to feel a sense of belonging. This means that others are approachable and they feel included. Moreover, educators need to establish environments that contribute to positive and social behaviour. The goal is to improve children’s social, emotional and physical development.We believe that positive guidance and discipline are crucial to promote self–control, teach responsibility and help the children make thoughtful choices.We need to preserve the child’s self-esteem and dignity, even thought we learn that teaching children self-regulation and self-discipline is a demanding task, we are up for it. In conclusion, we believe that nurturing children with an authoritative style can show a lot of love and warmth while teaching children to be able to control their feelings and behaviour. We can employ practices such as including children in the decision-making process, providing time for play, and encouraging responsibility by creating opportunities to complete tasks independently. We believe that as ECE’s, it is up to us to create the best possible environment for our students. References Ministry of Child and Youth Services. (2007). Early Learning for Every Child Today - A Framework for Ontario Early Childhood Settings (Best Start Expert Panel on Early Learning). Queen's Printer for Ontario. Class Notes A Philosophy of the Infant and Toddler Years PAGE * MERGEFORMAT3
Article Critique/ReviewPlaygrounds Begin to Focus on Riskier PlayIn the article “Playgrounds begin to focus on riskier play”, Jason Osler states that less structured playgrounds encourage outdoor physical activity for children. The author insists that some public spaces are already equipped with “riskier” playgrounds. When we talk about riskier play, Jason does not mean that the child’s life is endangered; he means that the activities are less structured and have the potential for minor injury. The article states that risk develops children’s social interactions and creativity, and that playing is both sacred fun time and learning time for children and although they take risks, there is much reward in this practise. I chose this article because the topic is very interesting and something that I think is overlooked in classrooms and during home-life. I also chose it because I agree with Jason’s ideas and believe that discussion about how to improve the lives of children needs to happen more frequently. As a future ECE, the article relates directly to my field of study and knowledge about the importance of play will my career and the lives of my future students.The first main point of the article is that riskier equipment in playgrounds, such as zip lines, surfaces that aren’t necessarily soft, and swings of varying heights, are starting to show up and become more popular in neighbourhoods. Having this type of equipment does not mean children will get any serious injury. I have experiences with riskier playgrounds. One day I was playing with my young nephews at the playground which was just built. The play environment was new for me because when I was little, there were fewchallenging equipment to play on. I saw a net to climb up, different sized rocks for jumping over, and a long pole to go down on by holding and jumping. Some adults could not understand why these are for children. However, my nephews and other children loved playing with the “riskier equipment” and now, I see these types of playgrounds more frequently and find that it really helps develop certain motor and cognitive skills in children.Next, the author discusses a study which proves that a less structured playground improves children’s interactions and creativity. In my opinion, many parents over-protect their children from falling or scraping their knees;however, children learn valuable lessons from experiencing getting hurt and from risker play. For example, if a child falls during play, the other children learn how to take care of their friend, and can share their own knowledge; in addition, the child that fell now knows what to avoid doing in the future. When I was 8 years old, I went out to play with my sister and friends often and even though all of us got injured every day, we enjoyed having fun and sharing experiences and taking care of each other. I believe that these experiences improve children’s social interactions and help in sympathizing others.Lastly, the author talks about how play is a “sacred activity of childhood” and that it “allows our human beings to develop in a safe and healthy way” CITATION Jas16 l 1033 (Osler, 2016). The key for future ECE’s to know is that play is not just a fun thing, but it is necessary for children to engage in play to develop various skills and learn new things. Children do not learn by studying, they learn by playing and interacting with toys, objects, other peers, etc. It will be important for an ECE to engage students in this way and to build lessons around play.My opinion on this article is positive because I agree with everything that has been stated in it. I think that it is critical for all ECE’s to know the value of play and how to use this knowledge to create interactive and engaging classrooms and lesson plans. My knowledge of how to help my students is strengthened from this article because I know that a little bit of risk is not a bad thing. I know that I will incorporate the ideas presented here in my classroom because I want all my students to be successful, and play, especially risker play allows for cognitive development. I think that parents should also know about the benefits of riskier play to create a well-rounded learning experience for young children.
Social Interest in ToddlersSchool of Human ServicesEarly Childhood Education ProgramChild Development: 0-3Hay, D. F. (2005). Early Peer Realtions and their Impacts on Children's Development. United Kingdom: Encyclopedia of Early Childhood Developement.In the article “On the Nature of Toddlers’ Helping: Helping or Interest in Others’ Activity?”, Jeremy, Viktoria and Karyn states that toddlers’ helping is explained as interest to participate. The author insists that one of the ingredients of the human developmental system is cooperation, and toddlers’ helping others is early sing of great interest.The author thinks toddlers’ helping is one manifestation of social engagement since socialization practices is not doing alone. Even though toddlers’ helping may be different from helping in adults, this is an essential process to develop social relations. It starts from house chores, such as folding laundry, picking up objects, and opening doors. Furthermore they are agreeable to help for small compliment or rewards, but at the same time they are inclined to help others without a benefit for themselves for instance some researchers found that infants supported others even when they had to climb obstacles. Researchers discovered they are interested in assisting others because they feel this is a game with friends. The major key at this result is that children are interested in helping others to participate in a group. In the process of learning cooperation toddlers acquire physical skills, pleasure of accomplishment, and proper social behaviours naturally. On the other hand, adult tend to elicit helping situation like “role play”, which asking children the role’s job or explaining how the roles related with. However they can form and change their play circumstances toward social and emotional communities.To conclude as we all needed various forms to be able to cooperate when we were young, toddlers also need to experience diverse situation, which is they are fully enough to deal with themselves, with diverse people because.SOCIAL INTEREST IN TODDLERSPAGE1Running head: SOCIAL INTEREST IN TODDLERS1
Documentation AssignmentCurriculum & Pedagogy 3-6Documentation, or record keeping, is an important aspect and is used to measure progress. This is no different in the Early Childhood Education realm, where documentation is used to improve both teaching methods, and learning progress. Normally, to measure success, the guidelines are usually standardized and rigid, but in pedagogical documentation, it is less structured and more in tune with the needs of the specific child. There is also much flexibility in the methods and mediums that are used.Pedagogical documentation can be defined in numerous ways, ranging from simplistic, to overly complex explanations. According to Children & Society, pedagogical documentation is parallel to “child-focused assessment” (Schulz, 2015) In this, Early Childhood Educators observe the individual child in their natural play or learning state. It can be more useful to focus on one aspect of the child’s progress as to better track and keep more accurate dochance each child’s educational experience. Capacity Building Series states that “One of the greatest predictors of new learning is prior knowledge and understanding” (Province of Ontario, 2012), meaning that if the educators know early enough each child’s strengths and weaknesses, they are able to adapt their teaching techniques to focus on areas that the child will need to ensure success in their later years. By focusing on different areas at a time and using a consistent collection of assessment and observational tools, the educator will be able to customize each child’s learning plan.Without documentation, educators would have a hard time keeping track of each child’s individual needs and successes, which may hinder the potential for great teaching, and great learning for the student. Not only that, but it is common knowledge that when a person is able to be prepared, the outcomes tend to be more favourable, and this holds true in the classroom as well. Documentation allows the educhat are taught in kindergarten or pre-school. This is when observational methods are critical to get a good understanding of the child’s progress in less tangible subjects.Since documentation is a very broad subject, there are many ways to go about pedagogical documentation, whether its in the classroom or during play. It would be up the teacher, or ECE’s discretion on which method they would use, based on the activities, the child, timeframes, and any other factors. One of the key components for pedagogical documentation is that it is done on an ongoing basis, it is a “cyclical process that facilitates growth” (Province of Ontario, 2012) and therefore methods must be flexible as well. At the most basic, teachers can use “Notes, slides, or videos” (Province of Ontario, 2012) to create documentation. There is also an element of reflection on the teacher’s part, where they can reflect on the activities and how well they achieve the desired result. A variety of mediums can be used for docpictures, real-time observations, dialogues, anecdotal notes, and other forms of note-taking (Taechers, 2008). These methods can be easily transferred from the classroom to the playroom.There is much to be learned from documentation in the classroom, but since efforts in measurement are not new, I believe that we see the biggest impact in our learning when we document children’s play. The biggest thing we can learn from play is how well children are learning valuable social skills like sharing or communication in their natural environments Play is one of the most natural things for children therefore to be able to observe them engaging in play will give an accurate look at how far a child has progressed. This is most effective when they do not know that they are being watched, Watching the children play will give us incredible information about their temperaments, social skills, sharing skills, and personality. In addition, it can give an insight into those children with some issues, s ownership over their learning and educational experience, and allows for a deepened understanding of the learning process (Province of Ontario, 2012).Many questions can be raised through documenting children’s learning in general, most of these will likely surround the effectiveness of various lessons, and around improvement. With observation and documentation, ECE’s can see which games, lessons, materials, etc. work best to demonstrate specific knowledge. Questions around, how we can improve will also come about, which is useful because it leads to constant progression of the educational system. Asking questions about strengths, challenges, who benefits from an activity, or who may be left behind are also important questions to ask. Questions regarding efficacy, progression, and relatability may come up with reflection. The best thing about documentation is that it can lead to questions focusing on the learning process, especially, is this the best way to teach?In conclusion, we can 5