· Ada L, Canning C. Anticipating and avoiding muscle shortening. In: Ada L, Canning C(eds) Key Issues in Neurological Physiotherapy. Butterworth Heinemann, 1990:219-236.
· Andrew K, Brocklehurst GC, Richard B, et al. The rate of recovery from stroke and its measurement. International Rehab Med 1981;31:155-161.
· Ansari NN, Naghdi S, Arab TK, Jalaie S. The interrater and intrarater reliability of the Modified Ashworth Scale in the assessment of muscle spasticity: limb and muscle group effect. Neuro Rehabilitation. 2008;23(3):231-7.
· Artieda J, Quesada P, Obeso JA: Reciprocal inhibition between forearm muscles in spastic hemiplegia. Neurology. 1991; 1:286-289.
· ASHWORTH B. PRELIMINARY TRIAL OF CARISOPRODOL IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. Practitioner. 1964 Apr;192:540-2.
· Axelson HW, Hagbarth KE. Human motor control consequences of thixotropic changes in muscular short-range stiffness. J Physiology. 2001;535: 279-288.
· Berger W, Horstmann G, Dietz V. Tension development and muscle activation in the leg during gait in spastic hemiparesis: independence of muscle hypertonia and exaggerated stretch reflexes. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 1984;47:1029一1033.
· Bobath B. Adult Hemiplegia: Evaluation and Treatment. 3 rd ed. London, Heinemann, 1990.
· Bobath B. Adult Hemiplegia: Evaluation and Treatment. London, William Heinemann, 1978.
· Bohannon RW, Larkin PA, Smith MB, et al. Realationship between static muscle strength deficits and spasticity in stroke patients with hemiparesis. Phys Ther. 1987;67:1068-1071.
· Bohannon RW, Warren ME, Cogman KA. Motor variables correlated with hand to mouth maneuver in stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1991;72:682.
· Bohannon RW. Relationship between active range of motion deficits and · muscle length and tone at the elbow in patients with hemiparesis. Clinical Rehabilitation. 1991;5:219-224.
· Bohannon RW. Strength of lower limb related to gait velocity and cadence in stroke patients. Physiotherapy Canada 1986;38:204一206.
· Brooks VB. The Neural Basis of Motor Control. New York, Oxford University Press, 1986.
· Brunnstrom S. Movement Therapy in Hemiplegia. _ New York, Harper and Row, 1970.
· Burke D. Spasticity as an adaptation to pyramidal tract injury. In: Waxman SG, Advances in Neurology, 47: Functional Recovery in Neurological Disease, New York, Raven press, 1988:401-423.
· Burke RE. Motor Units: Anatomy, Physiology and Functional Organization. In Brooks VB(Ed), Handbook of Physiology: The nervous system: Vol. 2. Motor control(p 345-42'2). Bethesda: American Physiological Society, 1981.
· Butefisch C, Hummelsheim H, Denzler P, et al. .Repetitive training of isolated movements improves the .outcome of motor rehabilitation of the centrally paretic hand. ] Neurol Sci. 1995;130: 59-68.
· Campman, C.E., Wiesendanger, M. The physiological and anatomical basis of spasticity : a review. Physiotherapy Canada 34: 125-136, 1982a
· Carey JR, Burghardt TP. Movement dysfunction following central nervous system lesions: a problem of neurologic or muscular impairment. Phys Ther. 1993; 73:538-549.
· Carey JR, Burghardt TP. Movement dysfunction following central nervous system lesions: A problem of neurologic or muscular impairment. Phys Ther. 1993;73:538-547.
· Carr JH, Shepherd RB. Neurological Rehabilitation: Qptimizing mortor performance. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998.
· Cordo PJ, Nashner LM. Properties of postural adjustments associated with rapid arm movements. Joum;:tl of Neurophysiology. 1982;47:287-302.
· Dietz V, Keltelsen UP, Berger W, et al. Motor unit involvement in spastic paresis: Relationship between leg muscle activation and histochemistry. J Neurol scien 1986;75:89-103.
· Dietz V, Quintern J, Berger W. Electrophysiological studies of gait in spasticity and rigidity: Evidence that altered mechanical properties of muscle contribute to hypertonia. Brain 1981;104:431-449.
· Dietz V. Spasticity: exaggerated reflexes or movementdisorder? In: Forssberg H, Hirschfeld H(eds) On Movement Disorders in Children. Karger, Basel, 1992: 225-233.
· Edstrom L, Grimby L, Hannerz J. Correlation between recruitment order of motor units and muscle atrophy pattern in upper motoneurone lesion: Significance of spasticity. Experimenta 1':J73;29:560-561.
· Edstrom L, Grimby L, Hannerz J. Correlation between recruitment order of motor units and muscle atrophy pattern in upper motoneurone lesion: Significance of spasticity. Experimenta 1973;29:560-561
· Edstrom L. Selective changes in the sizes of red and white muscle fibers in upper motor lesions and Parkinsonism. J Neurol Scien 1970;11:537-550.
· Everts EW, Wise SP, Bousfield D. The Motor System in Neurobiology. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1985.
· Fellows SJ, Kaus C, Thilmann AF. V oluntary movement at the elbow in spastic hemiparesis. Ann Neurol. 1994;36:397-407.
· Finch L, Barbeau H. Influences of partial weight―bearing on normal human gait: The development of a gait retraining strategy. Canadian J Neurological Science. 1985;12:183.
· Goldcamp O. Electromyograpy and nerve conduction studies in 116 patients with hemiplegia. Arch of Phys Med. 1967;48:59-63
· Gowland C, DeBruin H, Basmajian JV, et al. Agonist and antagonist activity during voluntary upper limb movement in patients with stroke. Phys Ther 1992; 72(9):624-633.
· Gowland C, deBruin H, Basmajian JV, et al. Agonist and antagonist activity during voluntary upper limb movement in patients with stroke. Phys Ther. 1992;72:624-633.
· Hagbarth KE. Evaluation of and methods to change muscle tone. Scand J Rehab Med. 1994;30(Sup):19 32.
· Hesse S, Bertelt C, Jahbke MT, et al. Treadmill training with partial body weight support compared with physiotherapy in non-ambulatory hemiparetic patients. Stroke. 1995;26:976-981.
· Hufschmidt A, Mauritz KH. Chronic transformation of muscle in spasticity: A peripheral contribution to increased tone. J Neural Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985;48:676-85.
· Hufschrnidt K, Mauritz KM. Chronic transformation of muscle in spasticity: a peripheral contribution to increased tone. J of Neur, Neurosurg and Psych. 198.5; 48:676一685.
· Hummelsheim H, Amberg S, Mauritz KH. The influence of EMG-initia d electrical muscle stimulation on motor recovery of the ceri.trally paretic hand. Europ J Neurol. 1996;3:245-254.
· Hummelsheim H. Rationales for improving motor function. Curr Opin Neurol. 1999;12(6):697-701.
· intensive task-oriented gait training program in a series of patients with acute cebrovascular accidents. Physical Therapy. 1992;72:781-793.
· Katz RT, Rymer WZ. Spastic hypertonia: mechanisms and measurement. Arch of Phys Med and Rehabil. 1989;70:144-155.
· Katz RT, Rymer WZ. Spastic hypertonia: Mechanisms and measurement. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1989;70:144-155.
· Kellermayer MSZ, Smith SB, Granzier HL, et al. Folding-unfolding transitions in single titin molecules characterized with laser tweezers. Science. 1앞)7;Z'76:1112-1116.
· Kim Jong-man, Ahn Duck-hyun, Movement Dysfunction in Spastic Hemiparesis: A Problem of Spasticity or Muscular Weakness? KAUTPT Vol. 9 No. 3, 2002.
· Kim Jong-man, Choi Houng-sik, Research Findings and Implications for Physical Therapy of Spasticity. KAUTPT Vol. 2 No. 2, 1995.
· Kim Jong-man, Kim Tack-hoon, Physiological Review of Weakness in Patients with Hemipresis. KAUTPT Vol. 3 No. 2, 1996.
· Knutsson E, Martensson A Dynamic motor capacity in spastic paresis and its relation to prime mover dysfunction, spastic reflexes and antagonist co-contraction. Scand J Rehab Med 1980;12:93-106.
· Kuypers HGJM. Anatomy of Descending Pathways. In Brooks VB(Ed), Handbook of Physiology: The nervous system: Vol. 2. Motor control(p 597-666). Bethesda: American Physiological Society, 1981.
· Lance JW. Symposium synosis. In: Feldman RGi Young RR, Koella WP (Eds). Spasticity: Disordered motor control. Chicago, Year Book Medical Pub., 1980.
· Landau WM. Parables of palsy, pills and PT pedagogy: a spastic dialectic. Neurology. 1988;38:1496-1499.
· Latash ML, Penn RD, Corcos DM, et al. Short-term effects of intrathecal baclofen in spasticity. Experimental Neurology. 1989;103:165-172.
· Lovely RG, Gregor RJ, Edgerton VR. Effects
· Marshell LF. Current head injury reserch. Current Option in Neurology and Neurosurgery. 1990;3:4-9
· Mayer NH. Clinicophysiologic concepts of spasticity and motor dysfunction in adults with an upper motoneuron lesion. Muscle & Nerve. 1997;6(Suppl): Sl-S13.
· McComas AJ, Sica REP, Upton ARM, et al. Funtional changes in motorneurones of hemiparetic patients. Journal of Neurology, Neorosugery and Psychiatry. 1973;36:183-193
· Mclellan DL. Cocontraction and stretch reflexes in spasticity during treatment with baclofen. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1977;40:30-38.
· Miller GJT, Light KE. Strength training in spastic hemiparesis: Should it be avoided? Neuro Rehabilitation. 1997;9: 17-28.
· Montgomery PC. Neurodevelopmental treatment and sensory intergrative therapy. In: Proceedings of the 11 Step Conference, Contemporary Management of Motor Control Problems. 1991;135-142.
· O'Dwyer NJ, Ada L, Neilson PD. Spasticity and muscle contracture following stroke. Brain. 1996;119:1737-1749.
· O'Sullivan SB, Schmitz TJ. Physical Rehabilitation: Assessment and treatment. 4th ed., FA Davis Co. 2001.
· O’Sullivan SB, Schmitz TJ, Physical Rehabilitation: Assessment and treatment. 4th ed., F A Davis Co. 2001.
· Rack PMH, Westbury DR. The effect of length and stimulus rate on tension in the isometric cat muscle. J Neurophysiol 1969;204:443-460.
· Richards CL, Malouin F, Dumas F, et al. New rehabilitation strategies for the treatment of spastic gait disorders. In: Paltra AE(ed) Adaptability of Human Gait. New York, Elsevier, 1991;387-411.
· Rodosky MW, Andriacchi TP, Andersson GB. The influence of chair height on· lower limb mechanics during rising. Journal of Orthopeadic Research. 1989;286:496-498.
· Rosenfalck A, Andreassen S. Impaired regulation of force and firing pattern of single motor units in patients with spasticity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1980;43:907-916.
· Scelsi R, Lotta S, Lommi G, et al. Hemiplegic atrophy: Morphological findings in the anterior tibial muscles of patients with cerebrovascular accident. Acta Neuropathologica 1984;4:246-248
· Sharmann SA, Norton BJ. The relationship of voluntary movement to spasticity in the upper motor neuron syndrome. Annals of Neurology. 1977;2:460-465.
· Sharp SA, Brouwer BJ, Isokinetic strength training of the hemiparetic knee: Effects on function and spasticity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78: 1231-1236.
· Shepherd RB, Carr JH. Anemergent or dynamical systems view of movement dysfunction. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 1991;37:4-5.
· Tang A, Rymer WZ. Abnormal force-EMG relations in paretic limbs of hemiparetic human subjects. J Neurol Neurosurgery Psychiat. 1981;44: 690-698.
· Taub E. Somatosensory deafferentation research with monkeys: Implications for rehabilitation medicine. In: Ince LP(ed) Behavioural Psychology in Rehabilitation Medicine: Clinical applications. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1980:168-196.
· Teixeira-Salmela LF, Olney S], Nadeau S, et a1. Muscle strengthening and physical conditioning to reduce impairment and disability in chronic stroke survivors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;00:1211-1218.
· Tskhovrebova L, Trinick J, Sleep JA, et al. Elasticity and unfolding of single molecules of the giant muscle protein titin. Nature. 1997;387:308-312.
· van der Weel FR, van der Meer,ALH, Lee DN. Effect of task on movement control in cerebral palsy: Implications for assessment and therapy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1991; 33:419-426.
· Voss DE, Ionita MK, Myers BJ. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation: Pattems and techniques. 3td ed. Harper & Row Pub. 1985.
· Weiss A, Suzuki T, Bean J, et al. High intensity strength training improves strength and functional performance after stroke. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;79:369-376.
· Wilson DJ, Baker LL, Craddock JA. Functional test for the hemiparetic upper extremity. Am J Occup Ther 1984;38:159.
· Witzmann FA, Kim DH, Fitts RH. Hindlimb immobilization: length-tension and contractile properties of skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1982 Aug;53(2):335-45.
· Young JL, Mayer RF. Physiological alterations of motor units on hemiplegia. J Neurol Scien 1982;54:401-412