패전 직후 일본의 해항검역과 귀환 (Maritime Quarantine and Repatriation Immediately after the Defeat of Japan)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국외국어대학교 일본연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 일본연구 / 87호 / 123 ~ 146페이지
· 저자명 : 최민경

초록

本研究では、これまであまり注目されてこなかった海港検疫を通じて、敗戦直後の帰還(引揚)局面において、日本人の境界が新しく規定されていく過程を考察した。1945年8月15日、帝国の崩壊とともに、日本は多民族帝国から単一民族で構成される国民国家へと構成員の境界に急激な変化を経験せざるを得なかった。こうした変化は帰還過程で在外日本人の包摂と在日外国人の排除といった形で表面化するが、その中心となった空間は帰還港だった。分析の結果、在外日本人の帰還は伝染病、そのなかでもコレラの流入に対した強い警戒の下、進められたことがわかった。しかし、彼らはあくまで戦後日本の構成員として包摂の対象だったため、GHQ/SCAPと日本政府は多くの資源を動員し、日本国内を混乱させない形で領土の内部へ位置させた。一方で、在日外国人に対する海港検疫の場合、当初、彼らの存在が在外日本人の帰還過程へ障害物とならないことを目的に限定的に行われた。ところが、朝鮮人を中心に再渡日が増加するとともに、コレラの流入を防ぐという「科学的根拠」に裏付けを得て、徹底的な排除が始まった。そして、このように始まった帰還港を中心とした密航者に対する海港検疫は、曖昧な状態だった植民地出身者の法的地位を日本人の境界の外側に位置づける過程の始まりだった。本研究で検討した敗戦直後、日本の帰還港で行われた海港検疫は、特に帝国から国民国家への再編という構造的変化の局面に焦点をあてたという側面から、検疫のもつ政治性を明らかに伺える事例の一つとして意味をもつ。

영어초록

This study analyzed the process by which the boundaries of Japanese were newly defined in the repatriation phase immediately after the defeat of Japan through the maritime quarantine, which has not received much attention so far. On August 15, 1945, with the collapse of the empire, Japan was forced to undergo a drastic change in the boundaries of its members from a multi-ethnic empire to a monoethnic nation-state. This change surfaced in the process of repatriation in the form of inclusion of Japanese overseas and exclusion of foreigners living in Japan, and the repatriation port was the center of this change. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the repatriation of Japanese overseas was carried out under strong caution against infectious diseases, especially the influx of cholera. However, because they were the subject of inclusion, GHQ/SCAP and Japanese government mobilized many resources to place them inside the territory in a way that did not disrupt Japan. On the other hand, in the case of foreign residents in Japan, maritime quarantine was initially carried out in a limited manner with the aim that their existence would not be an obstacle to the repatriation process of Japanese overseas. However, as the number of returnees to Japan increased, especially among Koreans, the thorough exclusion began with the support of the ‘scientific basis’ to prevent the influx of cholera. And this maritime quarantine against stowaways centered on the repatriation ports was the beginning of the process of positioning colonials, whose the legal status was still vague, outside the boundaries of the Japanese. The maritime quarantine conducted at Japan's repatriation port immediately after the defeat examined in this study is one of the cases that clearly shows the political nature of quarantine by focusing on the structural change from the empire to the nation-state.

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