삼킴과 토함의 아버지 신화 －크로노스에서 피노키오까지－ (The Myth of swallowing and vomiting God-father －from Kronos to Pinocchio－)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 비교민속학회
· 수록지 정보 : 비교민속학 / 75호 / 217 ~ 245페이지
· 저자명 : 이혜정

초록

특징적인 설화 모티프 대다수는 자연에 대한 해석에서 비롯되었다. 삼킴과 토함의 모티프도 자연에 대한 해석의 하나로 삶과 죽음의 자연 순환에서 그 의미를 가져왔다.
시대를 불문하고 인간의 가장 진지한 의문은 죽음에 관한 것으로, 그에 대한 하나의 대답이 환생(幻生)일 것이다. 삼킴과 토함의 설화 모티프도 환생에 대한 염원으로부터 출발했다.
그러나 남성 중심의 세계관이 도래하면서 창조의 주도권 및 창조 방식에도 변화가 발생했는데, 이때 새로운 창조방식으로서 삼킴과 토함의 모티프가 활용된 남성 중심의 설화들이 발생했음을 파악할 수 있다. 신-아버지나 괴물 또는 저승에 삼켜졌다가 토해져, 영생(永生)할 수있는 신으로 부활(復活)하거나, 영생은 아니지만 죽음을 극복하고 불멸의 영웅으로 재탄생(再誕生)하거나, 또는 더 이상 미성숙한 존재가 아닌 성인으로 성장(成長)하는 내용을 담은설화들을 이 유형에 해당하는 설화들로 이해할 수 있다.
물론 삼킴과 토함의 모티프가 남성 설화에서만 발견되는 것은 아니다. 그러나 남성 설화에 있어서 삼킴과 토함의 모티프가 특징적인 의미를 갖는 것은 죽음과 재탄생의 남성 통과의례의 근원적인 의미와 더불어 장르별 특성을 형성하며 아버지 설화의 주요 모티프로 기능하고 있기 때문이다.

영어초록

Kronos of Greece is famous for a god who ate his children, and it is often interpreted that he ate all of them because he was afraid of being killed by his children, just like he castrate Uranus. But in fact, it is correct to say that Kronos swallowed his children rather than ate them. Zeus, who had grown up, gave Kronos a drug, and all five children who were swallowed by Kronos vomit and came out of the world.
Russian folklorist Vladimir Propp said, “Isn’t Kronos swallowing children because he is a god-father and can bestow divinity upon them?” He understood this type of swallowing and vomiting as ‘ceremonial swallowing’. The swallowing and vomiting of the god-father, Kronos, is a decisive aspect of the myth of the father as a ritual for the homogenization of the subject and the object, that is, the rebirth of the child homogenized with himself.
Swallowing and vomiting for homogenization of subject and object are major motifs that can be observed in hero tales. Swallowing and vomiting in hero tales can be found mainly in the underworld symbolizing death or in tales entering and exiting the stomach of a monster. The underworld or monster in the heroic legend is not only an object of adventure, but is also related to overcoming death, that is, acquiring immortality, as seen in Hercules, who visited the underworld three times. The hero’s overcoming death, immortality, is not eternal life like a god, but is embodied as an immortal being while alive.
The motifs of swallowing and vomiting are frequently found in myths and legends as well as folktales. In <Seven Little Goats> and <Red Riding Hood> by the German Grimm brothers, the motif of rescuing children swallowed by a wolf by cutting the wolf’s belly is very similar to the Greek myth of Kronos.
However, swallowing and vomiting in folktales are not assimilated to the swallowing subject, but are aimed at the spiritual growth of the protagonists.
In other words, it can be seen that swallowing and vomiting in folktales are mainly used as growth motifs for rites of passage.
In the Italian fairy tale <Le avventure di Pinocchio> by Carlo Lorenzini, Pinocchio is swallowed up by a whale and then vomited and becomes a real person. The fact that Pinocchio became a real person means that Pinocchio has matured. The most impressive part of the story of <Pinocchio> is that Pinocchio is swallowed by a whale, but meets Grandpa Geppet in the whale’s belly. Grandpa Geppet is the God-Father himself who created and raised Pinocchio. It can be seen that Carlo Lorenzini used the motif of swallowing and vomiting as a wonderful magical passageway at the end of the process of becoming a real person, a wooden doll named Pinocchio.

참고자료

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