유기화학실험1) Exp 1. Distillation simple and fractional distillation

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1. Simple Distillation

Simple distillation은 fractional distillation과 다르게 column을 사용하지 않는 다소 간단한 장치를 이용한다. 첫 증류된 방울이 떨어졌을 때의 측정온도는 56℃였으며 그 이후로는 약간 온도가 상승하여 58℃~60℃에서 거의 유지되는 듯한 모습을 보였다. 그리고 증류된 양이 약 17ml일 때부터21ml가 될 때까지 앞선 모습보다 조금 가파른 온도 상승 폭(62℃에서 73℃까지)을 보이더니 이후 106℃대로 급격히 상승했다. 이는 25ml에서 107℃를 찍을 때까지 유지되었다.
2. Fractional Distillation

Fractional distillation은 앞 실험에서 사용한simple distillation set에 fractionating column을 추가로 설치하였다. 첫 증류가 시작된 온도는 44℃로, simple distillation에서보다 낮지만 전체적인 실험 해석에 있어서 큰 의미는 없다. 실험결과로써 본격적으로 사용되는 2.5ml의 증류시점부터17ml까지는 아주 미세한 차이가 있을 뿐 56℃로 매우 일정한 온도를 나타냈다. 그리고 simple distillation 때와 마찬가지로 17ml에서부터 변화를 보였는데, simple과는 반대로 온도가 감소하기 시작했고 이는 18.5ml에서 40℃라는 최저 온도를 보일 때까지 감소했다.
3. Comparison of Simple and Fractional Distillation

Simple distillation과 fractional distillation 모두 b.p가 낮은 acetone이 먼저 증류되기 시작하였고 acetone과 toluene의 증류 시점과 온도가 비슷했다. 하지만 그래프를 통해 우리는 simple보다 fractional에서 더 정확한 증류가 이루어진다는 것을 알 수 있었다. Fractional distillation은 fractionating column을 포함하고 있어 더 정교한 증류가 가능하였다.
4. Importance of Fractionating Column

Fractional Column은 증기의 이동 경로를 늘려 잘못 기화된 물질을 액화로 역류시킴으로써 오류를 방지한다. 따라서 column의 길이는 실험의 정확도에 있어 중요한 역할을 하며 column의 길이가 길어질수록 이동 경로가 증가하니 separation efficiency도 증가한다.

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1. Simple Distillation

Simple distillation is a basic separation technique used to purify liquids by taking advantage of differences in their boiling points. It involves heating a liquid mixture to its boiling point, allowing the more volatile components to vaporize and then condensing the vapor to collect the purified liquid. This method is effective for separating mixtures with a large difference in boiling points, such as water and ethanol. However, it has limitations in separating complex mixtures with similar boiling points. Simple distillation is a relatively simple and inexpensive process, making it suitable for small-scale applications or when high purity is not required. It is commonly used in various industries, including chemical, pharmaceutical, and food processing, for tasks such as purifying solvents, recovering valuable compounds, and producing alcoholic beverages. While simple distillation is a useful technique, it is often necessary to employ more advanced separation methods, such as fractional distillation, to achieve higher levels of purity or separate more complex mixtures.
2. Fractional Distillation

Fractional distillation is a more advanced separation technique that is used to separate complex mixtures with similar boiling points. It involves the use of a fractionating column, which is a tall, vertical column filled with trays or packing material. As the vapor from the heated mixture rises through the column, it undergoes a series of partial condensations and re-vaporizations, allowing the different components to be separated based on their relative volatilities. This process results in a more efficient and precise separation compared to simple distillation. Fractional distillation is particularly useful for separating petroleum fractions, such as gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel, as well as for purifying chemicals and producing high-purity solvents. The fractionating column can be designed and operated to achieve the desired level of separation, making it a versatile and widely used technique in various industries. While fractional distillation is more complex and requires more equipment than simple distillation, it is an essential tool for separating complex mixtures and producing high-purity products.
3. Comparison of Simple and Fractional Distillation

Simple distillation and fractional distillation are both separation techniques used to purify liquids, but they differ in their complexity and the level of separation they can achieve. Simple distillation is a simpler and more straightforward process, where the mixture is heated, and the more volatile components are vaporized and then condensed to collect the purified liquid. This method is effective for separating mixtures with a large difference in boiling points, such as water and ethanol. In contrast, fractional distillation is a more advanced technique that uses a fractionating column to separate complex mixtures with similar boiling points. The fractionating column allows for a more efficient and precise separation, as the vapor undergoes a series of partial condensations and re-vaporizations, allowing the different components to be separated based on their relative volatilities. Fractional distillation is particularly useful for separating petroleum fractions, purifying chemicals, and producing high-purity solvents. While fractional distillation is more complex and requires more equipment, it is a more versatile and effective technique for separating complex mixtures compared to simple distillation. The choice between the two methods depends on the specific requirements of the separation process, such as the complexity of the mixture, the desired level of purity, and the available resources and equipment.
4. Importance of Fractionating Column

The fractionating column is a crucial component in the fractional distillation process, as it is responsible for the efficient separation of complex mixtures. The fractionating column is a tall, vertical column filled with trays or packing material, which allows for a series of partial condensations and re-vaporizations of the vapor as it rises through the column. This process enables the separation of the different components based on their relative volatilities, resulting in a more precise and effective separation compared to simple distillation. The design and operation of the fractionating column are critical factors in determining the efficiency and effectiveness of the fractional distillation process. The column's height, the number and design of the trays or packing material, and the operating conditions, such as temperature and pressure, all play a crucial role in achieving the desired level of separation. Proper design and optimization of the fractionating column can lead to higher purity of the separated components, improved energy efficiency, and reduced operating costs. The fractionating column is an essential piece of equipment in various industries, including petroleum refining, chemical processing, and pharmaceutical manufacturing, where the separation of complex mixtures is a crucial step in the production of high-quality products. Without the fractionating column, fractional distillation would not be possible, and the separation of complex mixtures would be significantly more challenging and less efficient.

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