서강대학교 디지털논리회로실험 7주차

서강대학교 디지털논리회로실험 7주차 - Counter와 State Machine 설계

문서 내 토픽

1. Counter

Counter는 일정한 주기를 가지고 0과 1의 신호를 반복하는 Clock 신호에 따라 0부터 n까지, 혹은 n부터 0까지 숫자 병렬 Counter로 나눌 수 있다. 비동기 Counter는 Counter를 구성하는 FF들이 Clock 입력을 공유하지 않고, 첫 번째 FF를 제외한 모든 FF가 이전 FF의 출력을 Clock 신호로 받게 된다. 동기 Counter는 Counter를 구성하는 FF들이 Clock 입력을 동일한 하나의 신호로 받는다.
2. State Machine

State machine은 n개의 flip-flip으로 구성되어 2^n개의 state를 가지고 clock 신호와 입력신호에 따라 정해지는 출력값을 통해 다음 state를 정하고, 이에 따른 최종 출력을 결정하는 회로다. Moore state machine은 FF들의 출력(현재 state)으로만 회로의 출력을 결정하고, Mealy state machine은 FF들의 출력뿐만 아니라 입력신호도 회로의 출력을 결정하는 데 관여한다.
3. Characteristic Equation

State machine을 설계하기 위해선 우선 flip-flop들의 현재 state와 다음 state 사이의 관계를 식으로 정리한 characteristic equation을 구해야 한다.
4. Excitation Equation

characteristic equation을 이용해 FF의 입력신호를 식으로 정리한 excitation equation을 구할 수 있다.
5. Transition Equation

characteristic equation과 excitation equation을 이용해 transition equation을 구하고, 이를 통해 transition table을 구할 수 있다.
6. Output Equation

transition equation과 table을 이용해 output equation까지 구할 수 있게 된다.
7. Debouncing

스위치를 디지털 시스템과 연결할 경우 스위치에서 발생하는 bouncing 현상이 문제가 될 수 있다. 이를 해결하기 위해 hardware와 software적인 방법이 있다.
8. JK Flip-Flop

JK flip-flop을 이용해 state machine을 설계할 수 있다. JK flip-flop의 characteristic equation은 Q(t+1) = J*Q'(t) + K*Q(t)이다.
9. Mealy State Machine

Mealy state machine은 FF들의 출력뿐만 아니라 입력신호도 회로의 출력을 결정하는 데 관여한다.
10. Bus Implementation

ISE의 bus 구현 기능을 사용하면 출력을 효과적으로 관리할 수 있다.

Easy AI와 토픽 톺아보기

1. Counter

Counters are fundamental building blocks in digital electronics and computer systems. They are used to keep track of the number of events or occurrences, such as clock cycles, input pulses, or state changes. Counters can be implemented using various logic gates, flip-flops, and sequential circuits. They play a crucial role in many applications, including digital clocks, frequency dividers, address generation, and control systems. Understanding the design and operation of counters is essential for anyone working in the field of digital electronics or computer architecture.
2. State Machine

State machines are a powerful concept in digital design, providing a structured and systematic way to model and implement complex sequential logic. They consist of a finite number of states, transitions between those states, and actions associated with each state or transition. State machines can be used to design and implement a wide range of digital systems, from simple control logic to complex communication protocols and microprocessor controllers. Understanding the principles of state machine design, including the concepts of state encoding, state transition diagrams, and state minimization, is crucial for designing robust and efficient digital systems.
3. Characteristic Equation

The characteristic equation is a fundamental concept in the analysis and design of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems, such as electronic circuits and control systems. It describes the relationship between the input and output of a system, and its roots (the characteristic roots or eigenvalues) determine the stability, transient response, and steady-state behavior of the system. Understanding the characteristic equation and its properties is essential for analyzing the dynamic behavior of LTI systems, designing feedback control systems, and studying the stability and performance of electronic circuits and systems.
4. Excitation Equation

The excitation equation is a crucial concept in the design and analysis of sequential logic circuits, such as flip-flops and state machines. It describes the logical conditions that must be met to cause a change in the state of a sequential circuit. Understanding the excitation equation is essential for designing and implementing reliable and efficient digital systems, as it allows engineers to determine the appropriate input signals and logic gates required to achieve the desired state transitions. Mastering the excitation equation is a fundamental skill for anyone working in the field of digital electronics and computer architecture.
5. Transition Equation

The transition equation is a key concept in the analysis and design of state machines and sequential logic circuits. It describes the relationship between the current state, input signals, and the next state of a system. Understanding the transition equation is essential for designing and implementing complex digital systems, as it allows engineers to predict the behavior of the system and ensure that it operates as intended. Mastering the transition equation is a crucial skill for anyone working in the field of digital electronics, computer architecture, or control systems.
6. Output Equation

The output equation is a fundamental concept in the design and analysis of digital systems, particularly in the context of state machines and sequential logic circuits. It describes the relationship between the current state, input signals, and the output of a system. Understanding the output equation is essential for designing and implementing digital systems that produce the desired output based on the current state and input conditions. Mastering the output equation is a critical skill for anyone working in the field of digital electronics, computer architecture, or control systems, as it allows them to design and analyze complex digital systems with precision and accuracy.
7. Debouncing

Debouncing is a crucial technique in digital electronics and embedded systems to handle input signals that may exhibit unwanted bouncing or chattering behavior. When a mechanical switch or button is pressed, the contact may bounce, causing multiple, unintended transitions in the input signal. Debouncing algorithms and circuits are used to filter out these unwanted transitions and ensure that the input is registered only once, as intended. Understanding the principles of debouncing and implementing effective debouncing strategies is essential for designing reliable and robust digital systems, particularly in applications involving user input, sensor interfaces, and control systems.
8. JK Flip-Flop

The JK flip-flop is a fundamental sequential logic circuit that is widely used in digital electronics and computer architecture. It is a versatile flip-flop that can be used to implement a variety of functions, including counters, shift registers, and state machines. Understanding the operation and design of JK flip-flops, including their truth table, excitation table, and characteristic equation, is essential for anyone working in the field of digital electronics. Mastering the JK flip-flop is a crucial skill for designing and implementing complex digital systems that require advanced sequential logic capabilities.
9. Mealy State Machine

The Mealy state machine is a type of finite state machine (FSM) that is widely used in digital electronics and computer architecture. Unlike the Moore state machine, where the output is determined solely by the current state, the Mealy state machine's output is a function of both the current state and the current input. This makes Mealy state machines more flexible and powerful, allowing for more complex and efficient digital system designs. Understanding the principles of Mealy state machine design, including state transition diagrams, state minimization, and the implementation of Mealy state machines using logic gates and flip-flops, is a valuable skill for anyone working in the field of digital electronics and computer architecture.
10. Bus Implementation

Bus implementation is a fundamental concept in digital electronics and computer architecture, where multiple devices or components share a common set of wires or lines for data, address, and control signals. Effective bus implementation is crucial for enabling efficient communication and coordination between different parts of a digital system. Understanding the design principles of bus architectures, such as bus protocols, arbitration schemes, and bus timing, is essential for developing complex digital systems, including microprocessors, memory systems, and peripheral interfaces. Mastering bus implementation techniques is a valuable skill for anyone working in the field of digital electronics, computer engineering, or embedded systems.