세계화, 국민주권 그리고 헌법 ― 국제법의 헌법화 ― (Globalization, Sovereignty of the People and Constitutional Law - Constitutionalization of International Law -)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국헌법학회
· 수록지 정보 : 헌법학연구 / 14권 / 3호 / 1 ~ 28페이지
· 저자명 : 박진완

초록

세계화로 인하여 발생하는 국제적인 문제점을 극복하기 위한 시도로서 국내적인 법적 평화상태가 국제적인 영역으로 확장될 수 있다고 보는 Immanuel Kant의 입장을 바탕으로 한 ‘국제법의 헌법화(Konstitutionalisierung des Völkerrechts)’ 명제가 최근 독일의 국제법학계에 중요한 논의의 대상이 되고 있다. 또한, 이러한 입장은 영미법적인 입장에서는 법의 지배(rule of law) 혹은 헌법주의(constitutionalism)의 국제법적 영역에로의 확장으로 해석되고 있다.
일반적으로 국제법상의 헌법주의의 출발점을 학자들은 UN 헌장(UN Charter)에서 찾고 있다. UN은 UN 헌장 제1조에 규정된 UN의 주요기능을 실행하기 위한 기관적 구조(organizational structure)를 창설하였다. 국제법상의 헌법주의의 새로운 중요한 출발점은 당시 UN 사무총장이었던 Kofi Annan에 의하여 특별한 국제적 중요성을 가지는 것으로 인정된 25개의 국제조약의 인정된 조약이다. 이들 조약은 ius cogens의 핵심적 내용을 형성한다. 이들 조약들에 대한 각 국가들의 비준은 국제법적인 법적 공동체 구축에 대한 각 국가들의 재헌신의 의사표시의 표현이다. 이는 국제적인 법의 지배의 증진에 중대한 공헌이 된다.
헌법화된 국제법질서는 그 정책을 공통적인 가치의 척도에 따라 실행하는 세계적인 법공동체의 기본질서로서 이해되고 있다. 국제법의 헌법화 명제는 그것이 헌법질서이든 국제법질서이든 관계없이 양자 모두가 인권보장의 과제를 수행하고 있는 한에서만 그 법질서의 정당성을 인정받을 수 있다는 단순한 기본원칙을 확인하고 있다.

영어초록

Stunning advances in technology and, in particular, information technology have made it easier for a process or activity of globalization to happen. The basic notions of globalization connects to global governance, the international protection of human rights and the regulation of the global economic order. Globalization proves that at least two phenomenon exist. First it suggests that many aspects of economic, socail, technological and political activity are becoming more and more wider in international scope. Second it suggests that there has been an strengthening of the levels of reciprocal action between states and societies in all of these areas. According to the definition of globalization by Rosalyn Higgins Glboalization represents the reality that the notion of sovereignty can provide no protection against movements of capital, labor, information and ideas - nor can they give successful protection against harm and damage. In contrast to the notion of neoliberal globalization Boaventura de Sousa Santos puts emphasis on the notion of counter-hegemonic globalization being given special attention on the struggle against social exclusion which is economic, social and political outcomes of hegemonic globalization.
Globalization and collapse of the wall of sovereignty have increased the criticism of international law as State law from sociological, functional and ethical standpoints. These development raised fundamental questions about governance, accountability and legality in international legal order. Since Immanuel Kant published his essay on the Perpetual Peace (1795), philosophers and laywers had continuously staged protest against the State centrism of international system being called “westphalian system”.
In response to trial to overcome problems being taking place on account of globalization postnational constitutionalism which translates constitutionalism from state’s legal order to international legal order by the insertion of pulic law notions such as ius cogens and obligations owed to international community appeared on the stage. Constitutionalization of international law or extending the reach of the rule of law into international legal oder. Kant’s ideal of postnational constitutionalism which are expressed in his essay can be realized in the UN Charter. The UN Charter as natural starting point for global constitutional norms, principles and rules created an organizational structure within which the very important institutions were the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council broadly comparable to an executive; the General Assembly similar to a legislature; the International Court of Justice, being principal organ of the international judiciary. In whatever way the relations between these institutions were by no means such as to embody a real seperation of power like in national states. The contents of ius cogens can be materialized in 25 international treaties be indentified as having particular international significance by Cofi Annan’s proposal. These treaties he officially nominated can make a significant contribution to the promotion of postnational constitutionalism or the international rule of law, because they represent the key policy goals of the United Nations.

참고자료

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