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SDS-PAGE & Western Blot 결과 레포트

생명과학과 전공실험에서 진행한 실험 결과 레포트 입니다:) A+ 받은 레포트이며 조교님께 완성도있다는 칭찬을 받았던 레포트입니다. 상세하게 적은 부분이 많고 이론, 실험재료나 방법들도 보시면 아시다시피 처음보는 사람도 이해할 수 있게 자세하고 폭넓은 정보를 적으려한게 느껴지실 겁니다. 책을 하나하나 찾아보며 적은 것이기 때문에 참고문헌 각주표시도 되어있습니다. 참고하시면 반드시 도움이 되실거라 생각합니다. 이 보고서를 보신 분은 꼭 A+ 받으시고 좋은 하루 되세요 ㅎㅎ 감사합니다:)
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최초등록일 2023.07.11 최종저작일 2022.12
18P 미리보기
SDS-PAGE & Western Blot 결과 레포트
  • 미리보기

    소개

    생명과학과 전공실험에서 진행한 실험 결과 레포트 입니다:)
    A+ 받은 레포트이며 조교님께 완성도있다는 칭찬을 받았던 레포트입니다.

    상세하게 적은 부분이 많고 이론, 실험재료나 방법들도 보시면 아시다시피
    처음보는 사람도 이해할 수 있게 자세하고 폭넓은 정보를 적으려한게 느껴지실 겁니다.

    책을 하나하나 찾아보며 적은 것이기 때문에 참고문헌 각주표시도 되어있습니다.

    참고하시면 반드시 도움이 되실거라 생각합니다.
    이 보고서를 보신 분은 꼭 A+ 받으시고 좋은 하루 되세요 ㅎㅎ 감사합니다:)

    목차

    1. 실험목적

    2. 실험원리

    3. 실험재료 및 방법
    1) 실험재료
    2) 실험기기 및 장비
    3) 실험방법

    4. 결과

    5. 고찰

    6. 참고문헌

    본문내용

    1)단백질 전기 영동의 types
    Gel types에 따라 2D-electrophoresis using Rod gel와 Slab gel로 나뉜다. Rod gel은 2D-electrophoresis를 할 때 사용되는데, 단백질을 pI와 분자량에 따라 분리하는 방식이다. 1차원 전기 영동에서 단백질은 rod gel에서 pI에 따라 분리된 후 SDS polyacrylamide gel에서 2차원 전기 영동으로 분자량에 따라 분리된다. 다음으로, Non-dissociating buffer system와 Dissociating buffer system로 구분할 수 있다. Non-dissociating buffer system는 Native-PAGE, Dissociating buffer system은 SDS-PAGE를 사용한다. Native-PAGE는 SDS를 사용하지 않기 때문에 denaturing을 일으키지 않아 folding도 분리에 영향을 미친다는 점에서 오로지 크기로 분리하는 SDS-PAGE와는 차이가 있다. 따라서 Native-PAGE는 단백질 간의 binding을 분석하는 등 단백질 구조가 중요한 실험에서 사용한다. 또한, Continuous system와 Discontinuous system로 구분할 수 있다. Discontinuous system은 단백질이 같은 선상에 위치할 수 있도록 하는 Stacking gel이 있고 그 아래에 Running gel이 있다. pH가 다른 두 gel이 있다는 특징이 있고 Continuous system는 이와 다르게 하나의 gel이 존재한다. 한 종류의 gel이기 때문에 빠를 수 있지만 sample volume이 각각 달라서 완전히 동일선상에서 출발하지 않는다는 특징이 있다. 이 실험에서는 Slab gel, Dissociating buffer system, Discontinuous system을 이용하므로 SDS-discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis를 진행한다.

    *전기 영동법 종류
    A.비환원 SDS-PAGE
    S-S 결합을 절단하고 싶지 않을 경우 환원제인 2-Mercaptoethanol을 넣지 않고 할 수 있다. 이 경우 원칙적으로 분자량 순에 따르지만, 이황화 결합으로 oligomer 되어 있는 경우 oligomer 분자량에 따라 나타난다. 하나의 gel에 환원제가 들어있는 sample과 들어있지 않은 sample을 함께 loading하는 것은 피해야 한다. 환원제가 확산할 가능성이 있고 흐트러질 수 있게 때문이다.

    참고자료

    · 김태전 외2, 2004, 세포배양학개론, p. 205, 고려의학.
    · 김승호 외1, 2006, 단백질실험노트(하) 제3판, pp. 17-18, 22, 24, 29-31, 40-41, 44, 47, 51, 월드사이언스.
  • AI와 토픽 톺아보기

    • 1. SDS-PAGE
      SDS-PAGE (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) is a widely used analytical technique in biochemistry and molecular biology to separate proteins based on their molecular weight. This method involves the denaturation of proteins using the anionic detergent SDS, which binds to the proteins and gives them a uniform negative charge. The proteins are then separated in a polyacrylamide gel matrix under an electric field, with smaller proteins migrating faster than larger ones. SDS-PAGE is a powerful tool for protein analysis, allowing researchers to determine the molecular weight and purity of proteins, as well as to monitor protein expression and purification. It is an essential technique in various fields, including proteomics, cell biology, and biochemistry, and is widely used in both research and diagnostic settings.
    • 2. Western Blot
      Western Blot is a powerful analytical technique used to detect and quantify specific proteins in a complex mixture, such as cell lysates or tissue extracts. This method involves the separation of proteins by SDS-PAGE, followed by the transfer of the separated proteins onto a membrane (typically nitrocellulose or PVDF). The membrane is then incubated with specific antibodies that recognize the target protein, allowing for its detection and quantification. Western Blot is widely used in various fields, including cell biology, immunology, and molecular biology, to study protein expression, post-translational modifications, and protein-protein interactions. It is a versatile and sensitive technique that provides valuable insights into the biological processes and pathways within cells and tissues.
    • 3. Ubiquitin
      Ubiquitin is a small, highly conserved protein that plays a crucial role in cellular processes by tagging other proteins for degradation or modulating their function. The process of ubiquitination involves the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to target proteins, which can lead to their proteasomal degradation or alter their subcellular localization, activity, or interactions. Ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation is a fundamental mechanism for the regulation of various cellular pathways, including cell cycle control, signal transduction, and protein quality control. Dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and inflammatory conditions. Understanding the complex mechanisms of ubiquitin-mediated protein regulation has been a major focus of research in cell biology and has led to the development of therapeutic strategies targeting the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
    • 4. Tubulin
      Tubulin is a crucial structural protein that forms the building blocks of microtubules, which are essential components of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells. Microtubules play a vital role in various cellular processes, including cell division, intracellular transport, and the maintenance of cell shape and polarity. Tubulin exists in multiple isoforms, each with distinct functions and patterns of expression, and its post-translational modifications can further modulate the properties and dynamics of microtubules. Disruption of microtubule dynamics, either through genetic mutations or the use of pharmacological agents, can have profound effects on cellular function and has been exploited in the development of anti-cancer drugs that target the microtubule cytoskeleton. Understanding the structure, function, and regulation of tubulin and microtubules is a crucial area of research in cell biology, with implications for our understanding of fundamental cellular processes and the development of therapeutic interventions.
    • 5. Blocking
      Blocking is a crucial step in various immunoassay techniques, such as Western Blotting, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry, to prevent non-specific binding of antibodies or other detection reagents to the target membrane or surface. The blocking step typically involves incubating the membrane or surface with a solution containing a high concentration of non-specific proteins, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), non-fat dry milk, or casein. These proteins bind to any available binding sites on the membrane or surface, effectively blocking them and reducing the likelihood of non-specific interactions with the target proteins or antigens. Proper blocking is essential for obtaining accurate and reliable results in these techniques, as it helps to minimize background signal and improve the specificity of the target detection. The choice of blocking agent and the optimization of blocking conditions can vary depending on the specific assay and the target of interest, and is an important consideration in the development and optimization of these powerful analytical tools.
    • 6. Chemiluminescence
      Chemiluminescence is a widely used detection method in various analytical techniques, including Western Blotting, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. It involves the use of a chemiluminescent substrate that emits light upon a chemical reaction, typically catalyzed by an enzyme (such as horseradish peroxidase) that is conjugated to a detection antibody or reagent. The emitted light can then be detected and quantified using specialized imaging equipment, such as a chemiluminescence imager or a luminometer. Chemiluminescence offers several advantages over other detection methods, including high sensitivity, a wide dynamic range, and the ability to quantify target proteins or analytes with high accuracy. It is particularly useful for detecting low-abundance proteins or when the target is present in small amounts. The development of improved chemiluminescent substrates and the integration of chemiluminescence detection with digital imaging technologies have further enhanced the capabilities and applications of this powerful analytical technique.
    • 7. Transfer
      Transfer, in the context of Western Blotting, refers to the process of transferring the separated proteins from the polyacrylamide gel to a solid support membrane, such as nitrocellulose or PVDF. This step is crucial for the subsequent detection and analysis of the target proteins. The transfer process involves the application of an electric field, which causes the proteins to migrate from the gel onto the membrane, where they are immobilized and can be probed with specific antibodies. The efficiency and quality of the transfer can significantly impact the sensitivity and accuracy of the Western Blot analysis. Factors such as the type of membrane, the transfer buffer composition, the applied voltage and current, and the transfer duration must be carefully optimized to ensure the effective and uniform transfer of proteins, especially for high-molecular-weight or hydrophobic proteins. Proper transfer is a critical step in the Western Blotting workflow, as it lays the foundation for the successful detection and quantification of the target proteins.
    • 8. Ponceau S Staining
      Ponceau S Staining is a reversible protein staining method commonly used in Western Blotting to visualize the transferred proteins on the membrane before the immunodetection step. Ponceau S is a red dye that binds non-specifically to the basic amino acid residues of the proteins, allowing the researcher to assess the efficiency of the protein transfer, check for any loading or transfer issues, and ensure the even distribution of the proteins on the membrane. This staining method is simple, fast, and does not interfere with the subsequent immunodetection steps. After the Ponceau S staining, the membrane can be destained, and the target proteins can be detected using specific antibodies. Ponceau S staining is a valuable quality control step in the Western Blotting workflow, as it provides a quick and easy way to evaluate the transfer process and identify any potential problems before proceeding with the more time-consuming and expensive immunodetection steps.
    • 9. Loading Control
      Loading control is an essential aspect of Western Blotting, ensuring the accurate quantification and comparison of target protein levels across different samples. A loading control is a reference protein or housekeeping gene product that is expected to be expressed at a relatively constant level across the samples being analyzed. Common examples of loading controls include proteins such as GAPDH, β-actin, and tubulin. By normalizing the target protein signal to the signal of the loading control, researchers can account for any variations in sample loading or protein concentration, allowing for a more accurate comparison of protein expression levels between different samples. The selection and validation of an appropriate loading control is crucial, as it can significantly impact the interpretation of Western Blot results. Careful consideration of the experimental conditions, cell types, and biological context is necessary to choose a suitable loading control that accurately reflects the overall protein content in the samples.
    • 10. Proteasome Inhibitor
      Proteasome inhibitors are a class of pharmacological agents that target the proteasome, a large multi-subunit protein complex responsible for the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins in eukaryotic cells. By inhibiting the proteasome, these compounds can disrupt the normal protein turnover and homeostasis within cells, leading to the accumulation of misfolded or damaged proteins. Proteasome inhibitors have become valuable tools in cell biology research, as they can be used to investigate the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in various cellular processes, such as cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and protein quality control. Furthermore, proteasome inhibitors have found clinical applications, particularly in the treatment of certain types of cancer, where the disruption of protein homeostasis can selectively induce cell death in rapidly dividing tumor cells. The development and use of proteasome inhibitors have provided important insights into the fundamental mechanisms of protein degradation and have opened up new avenues for therapeutic interventions targeting the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
  • 자료후기

      Ai 리뷰
      이 문서는 SDS-PAGE와 Western blot 실험의 전반적인 내용을 체계적으로 설명하고 있으며, 실험 결과에 대한 상세한 분석을 제공하고 있습니다.
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