고려 전·중기 왕실의 친족구조와 왕실 封爵制운영원리 (The Structure of Kinship and Marriage of the Royal Family and Operating Way of the Royal Investiture System in the Early and Middle Periods of Goryeo)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 중앙대학교 중앙사학연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 중앙사론 / 58호 / 45 ~ 86페이지
· 저자명 : 황향주

초록

본고는왕조사회의최상위정치집단임과동시에국왕의공인된가족이었던왕실의이중적속성에주목하여, 왕실을규정하는각종제도와고려의 사회문화적 특성 간 상호관계를 살펴보고자 하였다.
고려 왕실은 왕실 구성원들의혈연 또는 혼인에 따른귀속관계를 궁원명에 반영한 뒤 궁원명 기반으로 공식칭호를 부여하는 초기 단계의 편제를거쳐중국봉작제를왕실편제에활용하게되었다. 중국의제도를참조하였으나고려시대왕실봉작제의형식과운영원리는중국의봉작령과크게 동떨어졌다. 그 원인은 종법질서와 단계혈통원칙의 유무, 근친혼속과같은사회저변의풍속차이에서찾아볼수있다. 부계종법질서의논리를봉작령에투영한당송의경우역대황제의直子들로부터파생되는단선적계보를물리적으로결합하면황실의전체규모를확인할수있다. 반면고려는국왕의부계후손인왕자·왕손만을봉작대상으로삼지않았다. 국왕의 딸 또는 손녀와 혼인함으로써 국왕 일가로 편입된 남성들 또한 봉작대상이 되었기 때문에 고려 왕실의 봉작범위는 왕자·종남의 기본가족과왕녀·종녀의 기본가족에 대칭적으로 설정되었다. 나아가 고려 왕실이 유지한 독특한 ‘종실내혼’ 규범에 의하여, 왕후·태자비·왕자비·王壻를 배출함으로써 국왕의 결연자 위상에 오른 종실에 대해서도 초봉·진봉의 예우가 더해졌다.
본고는인류학의일차친척·이차친척·삼차친척개념을도입하여동시기법제적 왕실로 존재할 수 있는 諸王들의 대체적인 범위와 국왕의 개별적친속관계를도식화하려는시도를하였다. 그에따르면, 고려전·중기諸王의 친족구조는 現王의 이차친척을 기본 골격으로 하였고, 단선적이지 않은 이러한 구조는 고려의 총계적 사회구조를 여실히 반영하였다. 여기에고려의 ‘종실내혼’ 규범이 개입되면서 대체로 도식 내의 諸王들은 복수의친속지위를보유하게되었다. 종제였던諸王이처부가될수도또는妹夫 나사위가될수도있는고려의시스템속에서당송의봉작령처럼왕자·왕제·왕손 등을 일일이 언급하며 각 친속 지위에 걸맞은 작위를 나열하는것은 무의미할 수밖에 없었다.

영어초록

In this article, the interrelationship between various systems for defining the Goryeo royal family and socio-cultural characteristics of the Goryeo dynasty is examined. The Goryeo royal family members had official titles related to their palace names where they lived and which reflected the blood ties or marriage relationships among royal family members right after the founding of that country. This initial system was replaced by the Chinese investiture system but in a process of replacement many creative transformations were involved.
The constitution and operating way of the royal family investiture system in the early and middle periods of the Goryeo dynasty were far from those in T’ang and Song dynasty. That’s because Chinese clan rules system based on patrilineal descent society was not efficient in the Goryeo society, and, furthermore, its royal family members were regulated by systematic endogamy. In the Goryeo dynasty, not only sons and grandsons but also daughters and granddaughters of the king were involved in the royal family investiture system. The title of Count (伯) was bestowed upon spouses of princesses. Grandsons and spouses of granddaughters of the king were invested with Sado (司徒) and Sagong (司空). Royal family members whose sons or daughters were married with king or married with king’s children were also invested with royal titles like Duke (公) and Marquis (侯).
Structure of kinship and marriage of the royal family in the early and middle periods of the Goryeo dynasty was similar to primary and secondary relatives, which were concepts commonly used in the field of anthropology, and this structure reflected the cognatic descent system in the Goryeo society. The Goryeo royal family members, also called Jewang (諸王), possessed plural statuses of kindred in this structure because of systematic endogamy amongst royal family members. It was meaningless to mention each title and each qualification one by one as T’ang and Song did because in the Goryeo dynasty king’s cousin could be his father-in-law, brother-in-law, or son-in-law.

참고자료

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