Lô gích ngữ nghĩa của từ THÌ

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 조선대학교 국제문화연구원
· 수록지 정보 : 국제문화연구 / 2권 / 1호 / 113 ~ 154페이지
· 저자명 : Nguyễn Đức Dân

초록

After giving a brief review of the different ideas of the Vietnamese linguists about the word THI, the author presents his judgment about this word as the followings: 1. First as all, the word THI is a conjunction in the structure of the complex sentences which indicates the relationship between condition and result. This structure is a kind of cause – effect one which reflects structure of logic statement “a  b”.
So, we could apply the inferences of propositional logic to recognize the implication of the sentences which includes the word thi. The most useful inferences are: - The inference by Modus ponens (sufficient condition): (MP) ((x  y) & x)  y - The inference by Modus tollens (necessery condition): (MT) ((x  y) & ~y)  ~x - The inference by Hypothetical Syllogisms: (HS) ((x  y) & (y  z))  (x  z) There is a specific inference in some cases of natural languages in general and Vietnamese language in particular: a sufficient condition may be used as a necessary one. Considering this inference as MV, we have: (MV) ((x  y) & ~x)  ~y There are modal inferences for MT and MV. That is: (MT) ((x  y) & muốn ~y)  đừng ~x / không nên x 1 (MT) ((x  y) & cần ~y)  phải ~x / không thể x 2 (MV) ((x  y) & muốn ~x)  đừng ~y / không nên y 1 2. As a follow-up to the inferences, author presents a general method to investigate the implications in the complex sentences which include the structure of “nếu …thì”. After that, with a series examples, the author demonstrates indirect speech acts of these complex sentences as follows: - Vow, promise: ‘Lạy ông bà, chúng con có biết cái ví tiền của ông mặt ngang mũi dọc thế nào thì chúng con cứ chết một đời cha ba đời con!’ (NCH). (We (I) swear to you, grandpa, grandma, if we knew anything about the money in your wallet, we (I) would die, our kids would die, and our grandkids would die).
- Advice: ‘Nếu ngài không ra tranh cử thì còn ai nữa?’ (If you don’t want to run for office, then who will? ) - Forbiddance, intimidation: ‘Con mà lấy nó thì đừng bao giờ về nhà này nữa. (If you marry him, don’t ever come back to this house).
- Assessment, appraisement: She loves you unless the sun rises in the West // Giá Ba chăm học, anh ấy đã đậu đại học (If Ba had studied hard, he would have passed the examination to the university).
- Affirmation: ‘Nhưng chẳng tin vào bùa thì còn biết làm gì nữa’ (CĐBT, NNT) If you don’t believe in amulet what else? - Announcement: ‘Làm vậy thể nào anh cũng sẽ bị ngồi tù đấy’ (If you do that, and then definitely you’ll go to jail).
- Proposition, requirement: ‘Nếu cậu không giúp mình chuyện này thì đừng coi mình là bạn nữa.’ If you don’t help me this time, then don’t consider me as your best friend.
- Refusal: Tôi giúp anh, sếp biết được thì tôi mất việc. (I could help you, but if the boss knew, I would loss my job).
3. The author uses the inferences MP, MT, MV for investigating the pragmatic implication of the pair utterances of conversation. This pragmatic implication “conceals” in the later utterance which includes the word THI and indicates indirect speech acts such as affirmation, assessment, announcement, refusal, advice... Examples: 1) - Can I park my car here? - Yes, if you want to pay a fine 2) - Why did you beat the young brother? – I didn’t beat him because he is good-mannered) - Sao không cho anh ấy mượn tiền? - Giá như anh ấy giúp đỡ những người khác thì tôi đã cho mượn rồi (- Why didn’t you lent the money to him? - If he had helped others, I would have lent the money to him.) 3) - Em không tin chồng em có bồ. Họa có đứa điên thì nó mới theo không anh ta.
- Vậy à? Thế mà bây giờ có đứa đang điên đấy.
- (I don’t believe my husband is having a girlfriend. Most likely, she is not too crazy to get involved with him for nothing.
- Oh, really? Look, who is a crazy one right now? ) 4. Idioms with the word THI In conversation, there are utterances expressing speech acts which become the particular language patterns. A first speech act leads to second speech act. Hence, this is a cause-effect relation. Step by step, these patterns become to idioms indicating a specific speech act even though it doesn’t contain specific content.
There are some idioms with the word THI that indicate a specific speech act: ‘A thì cũng x’. This is a rejection, a refusal to accept a role or influence (and consequence) of A to make an appearance x.
‘Không A thì cũng B’. This is a assertion that affirms an object having the property A or B (that a few lower than A).
“A thì có!”. This is an affirmation. In that A is affirmed and an implicit B (in previous utterance) is rejected.
“y thì không”. This is an acceptance. In that, we are agreed with one’s opinion about x although we affirm y is the same as x.
‘A(x) thì A’. This accepts a suggesting to realize A.
‘A thì phải’: This is a predict A .
5. The word THI and operation of division of a set The concept of word THI considering as a operation of division of a set permits us to explain several phenomena in Vietnamese language related to the word thì.
In addition, other functions of THI are investigated.

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