나말여초 고승들의 질병과 죽음 －금석문 자료를 중심으로－ (The Diseases and Deaths of the Eminent Buddhist Monks in the 9th and 10th Century Korea)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 신라사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 신라사학보 / 53호 / 55 ~ 88페이지
· 저자명 : 이현숙

초록

본고는 현전하는 나말여초 고승들의 비문을 중심으로 이들의 질병과 치유, 그리고 죽음에 이르는 과정을 살펴본 것이다. 나말여초의 고승은 질병을 치유해주는 大醫王 같은 존재였으며, 藥言이 되는 부처의 말씀을 통해 사회적 혼란기에 사람들의 마음을 치유해 주었다. 연대가 확실한 나말여초 시기 22명의 고승을 분석한 결과, 이들의 평균 수명은 73.5세이며 승려로서 생활한 기간은 평균 55.5년이었다. 이들은 후삼국시대라는 전란기를 살았지만 그 누구보다 장수한 집단이었다. 이들이 몇몇 예외를 제외하고 대부분 전란기에도 이처럼 장수할 수 있었던 원인으로 계율에 따른 규칙적인 생활, 蔬食과 적당한 노동, 그리고 불교 의학적인 지식을 가지고 있었기 때문이다. 고승들은 불교 경전을 통해 의학지식이 풍부하였으며, 우울이나 근심 등이 질병의 원인이라는 것을 이해하고 있었다. 나말여초에 이르면 임종게와 결가부좌 상태의 죽음이 중요해졌는데 이는 淸規의 규정에서 더욱 강조되었다.

영어초록

Eminent Monks in the late Silla and the early Koryo Dynasty who mostly used to be National Preceptor(國師) or Royal Preceptor(王師), were considered to be great lords of healing people through the words of Buddha during the period of social confusion and war. In this paper, I analyzed 22 eminent monks from the 9th century to the 10th century, whose time of birth and death was certain from the inscriptions made by royal order. Their average life expectancy was 73.5 years, and their life as monks averaged 55.5 years. In addition, it can be seen that the average age at which they received the Upasampada(具足戒) was 18, and there were many cases of spending their adolescent period as a novice(行者). They lived through the warring states period of the Later Three Kingdoms(後三國) epoch, but they lived to a greater age than anyone else. Most of the eminent monks had studied abroad in Tang(唐) China, and it gave them fame. They might be experienced various diseases in Tang were able to become National or Royal Preceptors after the age of 50.
There were not many records of diseases in the inscriptions praising their achievements. I presumed that some of them could be suffered from musculoskeletal disorders, and I found a case of stroke. Most of these eminent monks who had a high social status lived long except for 3 exceptions, their longevity during the wartime were due to their rule-abiding daily life, appropriate labor, and their medical knowledge from Buddhist scriptures. They seemed like to understand that diseases came from depression and anxiety.
Most of the cases of deaths were in their 50s or early 60s, which were still early to die from old age, seems like to have died after suffering from certain diseases. They were often described to be dead from minor diseases(微疾), but the sudden death without even this expression is likely to have been sudden. Some of them were caught up in a political vortex, such as Hyung-mi(逈微, 864-917) who were killed.
They lived according to various rules, and one of their rules determine in detail the process leading to death. One of the rules was to die in a full sitting. It seems like to be important because the dead appearances of the Buddhist monks needed to be like a Buddha's statue for public.

참고자료

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