高麗初期의 官階에 대한 새로운 接近 (A New Approach to Office Rank of the Early Koryeo Period)

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초록

This essay looks into the various aspects in the process of develop- ment, content and application of the bureaucracy that indicate the rank of the ruling class in the early Koryeo period.
The rank of bureaucracy is still uncertain because the specific aspect was not reflected in the chronicles. It inherited the system from the former Taebongguk(泰封國). 40 years later (958, Gwangjong 9) it was used with the munsangye(文散階) of Tang over the next 37 years. It was also used until the period of Gyeongjong․Seongjong(景宗․成宗). In May 995(Seongjong 15), the reform in the government organization, reorganized it to Hyangjik (鄕職) that gave rise to various ranks and was enforced completely in the revised munsangye.
The content of the bureaucracy in the early days in the History of Koryeo may not reflect the exact condition but only the approximate condition in the same age. It seems to be composed of 9 ranks(品) 16 grades(等級) according to different materials. Jwasang(左相, 4品下), □□(太卿?, 8品上) possibly added other ranks of bureaucracy that are not included in the articles of Hyangjik(鄕職) based on the data of the contemporary epigraph. In the relationship between these ranks, the upper ranks from Daegwang (2品上, 開府儀同三司) to Wonbo (5品上, 正議大夫) were arranged according to munsangye(文散階), the lower ranks from Jeongbo(5品下, 大中大夫․中大夫) to Jungyun(9品下, 承奉郞․承務郞) were arranged into two classes and were used together with the munsangye of China in 958 (Gwangjong 9).
The rank of bureaucracy that was composed of 9 ranks(品) 16 grades(等級) seems to be divided into three sections and was assigned to the ruling class except for posthumous conferment of honors of the best ruling class like 1品(三重大匡․重大匡). The first class which included the second and the third ranks was assigned to the royalties since the early days of Koryeo, the relatives by marriage, the meritorious retainers at the founding of the dynasty, the powerful families in the country and the generals of stronghold area. The second class included the fourth, the fifth and the sixth ranks and were assigned to the ministers of the best government office like Gwangpyongseong(廣評省), the commanders in the army, the Jeongsas(正使) of delegations at home and abroad and the local nobilities of exceptional merit. The third class included the seventh, eighth and ninth ranks that were assigned to the lower officials and commanders, the smaller nobilities, soldiers and craftsmen.
It is a remarkable phenomenon that the ministers and vice-ministers of the best government office were assigned to the second rank. It was the condition of new dynasty that did not accomplished the centralized kingdom so well to organize and rule the ruling class. For this, the plan for reinforcement of royal authority was enforced in 956(Gwangjong 7), 38 years from the beginning of the dynasty. And the best ruling class that possessed the special right at the border was purged. As a result, the bureaucracy could change to the rank that indicated the order of social standing as a government official.

영어초록

This essay looks into the various aspects in the process of develop- ment, content and application of the bureaucracy that indicate the rank of the ruling class in the early Koryeo period.
The rank of bureaucracy is still uncertain because the specific aspect was not reflected in the chronicles. It inherited the system from the former Taebongguk(泰封國). 40 years later (958, Gwangjong 9) it was used with the munsangye(文散階) of Tang over the next 37 years. It was also used until the period of Gyeongjong․Seongjong(景宗․成宗). In May 995(Seongjong 15), the reform in the government organization, reorganized it to Hyangjik (鄕職) that gave rise to various ranks and was enforced completely in the revised munsangye.
The content of the bureaucracy in the early days in the History of Koryeo may not reflect the exact condition but only the approximate condition in the same age. It seems to be composed of 9 ranks(品) 16 grades(等級) according to different materials. Jwasang(左相, 4品下), □□(太卿?, 8品上) possibly added other ranks of bureaucracy that are not included in the articles of Hyangjik(鄕職) based on the data of the contemporary epigraph. In the relationship between these ranks, the upper ranks from Daegwang (2品上, 開府儀同三司) to Wonbo (5品上, 正議大夫) were arranged according to munsangye(文散階), the lower ranks from Jeongbo(5品下, 大中大夫․中大夫) to Jungyun(9品下, 承奉郞․承務郞) were arranged into two classes and were used together with the munsangye of China in 958 (Gwangjong 9).
The rank of bureaucracy that was composed of 9 ranks(品) 16 grades(等級) seems to be divided into three sections and was assigned to the ruling class except for posthumous conferment of honors of the best ruling class like 1品(三重大匡․重大匡). The first class which included the second and the third ranks was assigned to the royalties since the early days of Koryeo, the relatives by marriage, the meritorious retainers at the founding of the dynasty, the powerful families in the country and the generals of stronghold area. The second class included the fourth, the fifth and the sixth ranks and were assigned to the ministers of the best government office like Gwangpyongseong(廣評省), the commanders in the army, the Jeongsas(正使) of delegations at home and abroad and the local nobilities of exceptional merit. The third class included the seventh, eighth and ninth ranks that were assigned to the lower officials and commanders, the smaller nobilities, soldiers and craftsmen.
It is a remarkable phenomenon that the ministers and vice-ministers of the best government office were assigned to the second rank. It was the condition of new dynasty that did not accomplished the centralized kingdom so well to organize and rule the ruling class. For this, the plan for reinforcement of royal authority was enforced in 956(Gwangjong 7), 38 years from the beginning of the dynasty. And the best ruling class that possessed the special right at the border was purged. As a result, the bureaucracy could change to the rank that indicated the order of social standing as a government official.

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