5세기 왜(倭) 5왕의 성격과 실체에 대한 연구 - 『송서(宋書)』에 나타난 「상표문(上表文)」을 중심으로 - (A study on the character and identity of the Five Kings of Wae (倭) in the 5th century, with a focus on the Royal Petition (上表文))

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 바른역사학술원
· 수록지 정보 : 역사와 융합 / 6권 / 3호 / 7 ~ 48페이지
· 저자명 : 김주인

초록

왜 5왕이란 5C 『송서(宋書)』에 일본왕으로 나오는 왜왕 찬(贊)·진(珍)·제(濟)·흥(興)·무(武)의 다섯 왕을 일컫는 말이다. 사가들은 흔히 왜 5왕을 역사의 수수께끼라고 말한다. 그만큼 실체를 둘러싸고 학설이 갈리고 성격이 모호하다는 말일 터이다. 왜냐하면 왜 5왕에 관한 기록은 『삼국사기(三國史記)』나 『일본서기(日本書紀)』에 전혀 나타나지 않는 이름이고 단지 중국 남북조시대의 사서인『송서(宋書)』와 『남제서(南齊書)』 등에만 나타나기 때문이다. 그러나 왜 5왕은 5C를 관통하는 엄연한 역사적 사실이다.
따라서 왜 5왕의 실체를 규명하는 것은 고대 한일관계를 밝히는 데 필수적 과제라 본다. 『송서(宋書)』는 왜 5왕 중 무(武)왕이 아직 생존하고 있을 시기(487 년)에 기록된 사서이기에 그 역사적 진실성이 매우 높다고 할 수 있다.
본 고는 과거 일본 역사학자들이 왜왕을 일본 천황의 다른 이름으로 보고 여러갈래로 꿰어 맞추는 방식에서 탈피하여, 바로 이 『송서(宋書)』에 나타난 왜 5왕특히 제(濟)·흥(興)·무(武)에게 수여된 6국 제군사, 사지절도독이란 관·작호의 의미와 왜왕 무(武)의 상표문(上表文) 분석을 통하여 왜 5왕의 실체를 밝히는데 주력하였다.
그 결과 왜왕은 백제왕의 지휘 감독을 받아 일본을 6국으로 나누어 통치하는후왕으로 볼 수 있고, 왜 5왕의 중심에는 475년 백제를 침공한 장수왕의 군대에참패하여 도성이 함락당하고 일족이 아차산에서 참살당한 백제 제 21대 개로왕이 있었다는 것을 밝혔다. 그래서 개로왕이 왜왕 제(濟)와 동일인이란 사실과 개로왕의 동생 곤지가 왜왕 흥(興)이고, 왜왕 무(武)는 곤지가 키운 개로왕의 아들이며, 501년 그가 백제 25대 무령왕으로 등극했다는 사실 등을 밝혀내었다. 이처럼 왜왕의 성격과 실체가 밝혀짐으로서 일본서기가 그토록 은폐하고자 했던백제의 일본열도 지배와 그를 호도하기 위한 교묘한 역사위장 프레임, 예컨대4C 신공황후의 남한 정벌설이나 임나일본부설 그리고 야마토 왜에 의한 4C 일본열도 통일 주장이 허구로 밝혀지는 중요한 계기가 마련되었다고 본다.

영어초록

The Five Kings of Wae (倭) were five Japanese kings—Chan (讃), Jin (珍), Je (濟), Heung (興), and Mu (武)—who lived in the 5th century and were mentioned in the Book of Song (宋書, Sòng Shū).
Historians often consider the record of the Five Kings of Wae to be a historical riddle, as there are conflicting theories and ambiguity surrounding the true identity of these historical figures.
This is primarily because the Five Kings of Wae do not appear in the History of Three Kingdoms (三國史記, Samguk Sagi) or the Chronicles of Japan (日 本書紀, Nihon Shoki) and only appear in the historical books of the Northern and Southern dynasties of China—the Book of Song (宋書) and the Book of the Southern Qi Dynasty (南齊書). However, the existence of the Five Kings of Wae is grounded in key historical events that occurred during the 5th century.
As such, uncovering the true history of the Five Kings of Wae is imperative to understanding the relationship between Korea and Japan in the ancient historical period.
In particular, the Book of Song establishes strong evidence of historical accuracy, as it was written when one of the five kings, King Mu (武), was still alive. This study refrains from using the conventional approach of Japanese historians, who have drawn conclusions from an unwarranted presupposition that the names of the five kings of Wae may have been used to refer to the Emperor of Japan.
Thus, this study endeavors to discover the true character and identity of the Five Kings of Wae, as recorded in the Book of Song, by first interpreting the significance of the titles granted to them—in particular, the titles of Six State Military Commander (六國諸軍事) and Great Governor (使持節都督) granted to King Je (濟), King Heung (興), and King Mu (武)—and then by analyzing the Royal Petition (上表文) of King Mu (武).
This new approach has led to the following notable conclusions: (1) the Kings of Wae were regarded as vassal kings who ruled Japan by ruling over its six states, under the command and supervision of the King of Baekje; (2) at the center of the Five Kings of Wae was King Gaero, the 21st King of Baekje, who was later slain at Acha Mountain when Baekje was attacked by the army of King Jangsu of Goguryeo in A.D. 475; and (3) King Gaero was known as King Je (濟), his younger brother Gonji was King Heung (興), and his son was King Mu (武), raised and trained by Gonji(興), who later reigned as King Muryeong (武寧王), the 25th king of Baekje.
As the true character and identity of the Five Kings of Wae is uncovered, the historical fact that Baekje ruled Japanese archipelago for over 300 years, which Chronicles oof Japan (日本書紀) endeavored to conceal at all costs, has become undeniable.
This study further provides an opportunity to dismiss other premeditated schemes to disguise the history of Japan in relation to Korea, such as the theory of conquest of Southern Korea by Empress Shingong (神功皇后, Empress Jingū) of Japan in the 4th century, the theory of Imna Japanese Headquarters, the theory of unification of Japanese archipelago by Yamato Wae in the 4th century have turned out to be false arguments.
I hope the study of character and identity of the Five Kings of Wae may contribute to establishment of healthy relationship between Korea and Japan.

참고자료

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