張之洞의 「勸學篇」 분석 (The Analysis of Chang Chih‐Tung's “Learn”)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 중국사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 중국사연구 / 64호 / 125 ~ 165페이지
· 저자명 : 姚傳德

초록

張之洞 「勸學篇」의 요지는 변법유신을 추진하는 것이지 개량변혁에 대항하는 것이 아니다. 그가 제시한 점진적인 중국 개혁 방법은 후진국가의 현대화 건설의 보편적인 길이다. 또한 그의 주장은 상대적으로 책략적이며 실천가능성이 있다. 그 밖에 그가 제시한 중학을 지키는 것과 민족문화의 열등주의자들에 대한 비판은 이미 그 뒤에 동아시아 현대화의 찬란한 성과 및 중국의 문화대혁명, 긍정과 부정적 측면 모두에서 증명되었다. 그러므로 그의 「勸學篇」은 긍정적이라고 평가할 수 있다.

영어초록

The thesis uses Chang Chih‐tung's "learn" as the center to analyze his modern ideology. Firstly, analyze the preface, this paper argues that from the preface to the intention of Chang Chih-tung, as well as the length, most of the substance is the hope of us to know that China has already at the edge of death ,so we needed to pick ourselves up and needed political reform, needed to self‐improvement. He persuaded the object at the time was mainly focused around the diehards around the Empress Dowager Cixi of China's anti‐reform forces, rather than reformists. He hoped that those idle rich, ignorant nobility and the opponent of reform could be conceived of the sense of shame, could became studious and started the political reform in the end strengthen our national power , this is his intention in writing this book. Therefore, the purpose of writing this book is to contribute to political reform, rather than oppose the political reform. Secondly, he analyzed the main contents. Although due to various reasons, which contains some contradictions and conservative elements, but overall, his intention is to make people were aware of the present, that China faces despite the critical situation .So studied to West, undertook political reforms, it is imperative. In addition, also talked about how to keep our traditional culture during the reform, how to maintain a unified stable situation. His view was clear that China needed modernization, only the modernization of China in order to exist, to get the Chinese culture heritage. But in modern times of the initial need to maintain autocracy, in order to maintain national unity and stability. In the school has burgeoned, wisdom enlightenment, China can take the representative of the road. He believes that modernization is not Westernization, to Chinese traditional culture he insisted to take the attitude of developing the useful and discarding the useless, rather than negated and so on. Should be said that the basic spirit within the chapter is rational, pragmatic, reform, there is no intention to fight against political reform. Once again, is the analysis of the main content of our attitude to foreign country . He suggested to open the door to the West, have even called for the nobility, high‐ranking officials should be going abroad to learn the western world, to break the ignorance of the situation; he believed that the world is changing, and Chinese history, too, in today's China is in the position of learning for use to achieve the fine culture of the West and East merge. If we still obstinate and conservative that will lead our country to death. In addition, he believes that China was backward, but not without merits, so there are change and insist. He said that apart from Traditional morality, everything can change, including the introduction of parliamentary democracy political system. In education, he advocated modeled on Japan, the Western education system, popularized primary and secondary schools in modern times, learning content should be both Chinese and Western. Examination reform, the content must take into account Chinese and Western. On the economic front to the development of modern agriculture business, overhaul the railway, development of mineral resources, improve the market order and trade and industry laws and regulations to encourage, protect people engaged in modern agricultural industry and commerce. In addition, advocated spreading freedom of religious belief and so on. Clearly outside the chapter is also the main spirit of the reform movement, rather than confrontation reform. Although Kang and Liang Chang Chih-tung, who advocates the same may seem conservative in comparison, but it reflects only the views of reformers within a different, that is, progressive groups and the radical difference. Moreover, compared with the Kang and Liang et al, Chang Chih-tung as far as possible to avoid stimulating old school, to avoid increasing the resistance to political reform is a very sensible approach, but also better in operability.

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