투루판 아스타나 무덤군의 장씨 일족 무덤(張塋) ― 당 지배 전후 高昌 大姓의 일례로서 ― (The Zhang Family Tombs in the Astana Cemetery — A Case Study of the Gaochang Elite Lineage Before and After Tang Dynasty Rule —)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 중국고중세사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 중국고중세사연구 / 68호 / 95 ~ 136페이지
· 저자명 : 이태희

초록

The aim of this study is to examine the changes in the Gaochang prominent lineages before and after the domination of the Tang Empire. For this purpose, we investigated the artifacts from the Zhang(張) family tombs within the Astana Cemetery in Turpan. The Zhang family, as a elite lineage of the Qu Clan Gaochang Kingdom(麴氏高昌國), a diaspora state of Chinese descent established in Turpan, consisted mainly of members who were active as high officials in the central government. In 640, the Tang Empire destroyed the Gaochang Kingdom and established the Xizhou(西州) as a direct-controlled region. Many members of the Zhang family were relocated to the central region along with the royal Qu clan, while only a few remained in the local area. The Tang Empire appointed some of them as military officers in the Zhechongfu(折衝府), intrepid garrisons, while others were awarded honorary titles to support the Tang rule in the local region. When the Western Turkic Khaganate consolidated its power, the Tang Empire assigned roles to the Gaochang people settled in the central region to ensure stability in the oasis. Qu Zhizhan(麴智湛), the younger brother of the former King of the old Gaochang Kingdom, was appointed as the governor of Xizhou, and the descendants of the old Gaochang officials were given key positions in the Governor's Office. This measure was quite radical and can be interpreted as a restoration of the Jimi system(羈縻體制), similar to the cases of Kucha(龜玆) and Karasahr(焉耆), which led to the reinstatement of kings. However, this was only a temporary measure, and the Tang Empire's direction remained unchanged, aiming to replenish the ranks of the military with resources from Gaochang's elite. Subsequently, most members of the Zhang family obtained positions limited to military officers in the local military command. In order to maintain their social status in the local area, the Zhang family had to be incorporated into the Tang system, and the military command became the only channel. However, this could not be a permanent security measure. After the demise of the Gaochang state, the Zhang family lost their local base and relied entirely on the administrative structure of the Tang Empire when they returned to their hometown as officials. On the other hand, the Tang Empire utilized the power of the local officials in the western region for the management of the western territories but showed no interest in their reproduction. The decline of the Zhang family represents the process of the Chinese diaspora community in Gaochang, which had deep roots, gradually losing its regional influence.

영어초록

The aim of this study is to examine the changes in the Gaochang prominent lineages before and after the domination of the Tang Empire. For this purpose, we investigated the artifacts from the Zhang(張) family tombs within the Astana Cemetery in Turpan. The Zhang family, as a elite lineage of the Qu Clan Gaochang Kingdom(麴氏高昌國), a diaspora state of Chinese descent established in Turpan, consisted mainly of members who were active as high officials in the central government. In 640, the Tang Empire destroyed the Gaochang Kingdom and established the Xizhou(西州) as a direct-controlled region. Many members of the Zhang family were relocated to the central region along with the royal Qu clan, while only a few remained in the local area. The Tang Empire appointed some of them as military officers in the Zhechongfu(折衝府), intrepid garrisons, while others were awarded honorary titles to support the Tang rule in the local region. When the Western Turkic Khaganate consolidated its power, the Tang Empire assigned roles to the Gaochang people settled in the central region to ensure stability in the oasis. Qu Zhizhan(麴智湛), the younger brother of the former King of the old Gaochang Kingdom, was appointed as the governor of Xizhou, and the descendants of the old Gaochang officials were given key positions in the Governor's Office. This measure was quite radical and can be interpreted as a restoration of the Jimi system(羈縻體制), similar to the cases of Kucha(龜玆) and Karasahr(焉耆), which led to the reinstatement of kings. However, this was only a temporary measure, and the Tang Empire's direction remained unchanged, aiming to replenish the ranks of the military with resources from Gaochang's elite. Subsequently, most members of the Zhang family obtained positions limited to military officers in the local military command. In order to maintain their social status in the local area, the Zhang family had to be incorporated into the Tang system, and the military command became the only channel. However, this could not be a permanent security measure. After the demise of the Gaochang state, the Zhang family lost their local base and relied entirely on the administrative structure of the Tang Empire when they returned to their hometown as officials. On the other hand, the Tang Empire utilized the power of the local officials in the western region for the management of the western territories but showed no interest in their reproduction. The decline of the Zhang family represents the process of the Chinese diaspora community in Gaochang, which had deep roots, gradually losing its regional influence.

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