냉전기(1950 - 1975) 올림픽에서의 미국과 소련의 이미지 전쟁 (Image Battles between USA and USSR in Olympics during the Cold War Period (1950 - 1975))

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한양대학교 아태지역연구센터
· 수록지 정보 : 중소연구 / 40권 / 2호 / 285 ~ 312페이지
· 저자명 : 박원용

초록

이 글은 냉전기 올림픽 무대에서 미국과 소련의 메달 수 획득 경쟁 이면의 대립적 이미지 생산을 다루었다. 미국 언론에 비친 소련 선수들의 모습은 올림픽 무대에서 승리만이 목표인 냉혈한과 다를 바 없었다. 그들은 또한 국가의 영광을 위해 봉사하며 자유의지를 가지고 있지 못한 도구에 지나지 않은 존재였다. 게다가 미국 매체에 의한 형상화에서 여성 선수들은 승리를 위해 ‘여성성’마저도 포기해야 하는 존재로 그려졌다. 소련의 선전물들은 미국 언론에서 제시된 이러한 이미지를 부정하기 위해 적극적으로 대응했다. 소련의 선수들은 개인이 누려야 되는 즐거움을 박탈당한 채 전체의 이익을 위해 봉사하는 “기계의 부품”과도 같은 존재는 아니었다. 그들은 열린 마음으로 다른 나라의 선수들과 어울리기를 좋아하고 따뜻한 마음을 지닌 존재였다. 소련의 여성 선수들 또한 외적 아름다움과 체형을 희생하면서까지 승리에만 몰두하는 “남성화된 여성”은 아니었다. 소련의 선수들이 국가의 영광을 위해 승리를 쟁취하려고 하지만 그렇다고 그들이 성정 정체성과 인간으로서의 자유의지까지 상실한 존재는 아니었던 것이다.

영어초록

The Olympics in the Cold War environments could not be defined as pure sports festivals without political interferences for harmonizing peoples in the world. Leaders of each system recognized the utility of sports in a modern imperial struggle between “pax Americana and pax sovietica” In other words, they tried to make sports a vehicle through which the competing communist and capitalist orders sought to assert their civil, ideological, and military ascendancy. Soviet Union outwardly had succeeded in proving its ideological ascendancy based on the numbers of medals in the competition of Olympics.
“Cultural War” in the Olympics, however, was not just ended up in acquiring more medals from Olympic competitions. Each country attempted to propagate hostile images on athletes from the other by utilizing its printed materials and visual images. Soviet athletes from the American press were just cold-blooded sportsmen only to care about victories in the Olympic fields. From the description of the American press, they were just tools with no free will serving to the glory of the state. Even worse, the Soviet female athletes in that description were forced to give up their femininity to dominate the competition.
By publishing propaganda materials easily accessible to the public, the Soviet Union tried to negate those images portrayed by the American press. From the standpoints of Soviet propaganda materials, they were not “cog of machines” devoid of any personal pleasure. They were on the contrary warm-heated human beings fond of mingling with other athletes and having open minds. Soviet female athletes were portrayed as ordinary sports person caring very much for the beauty and the shape. It was true that Soviet athletes were competing for the glory of the state, but they did not lose their individuality and their own wills.
In sum, behind the fierce battle grounds of the Olympics, two nations had tried to propagate the images that were favorable to one side and hostile to the other. The continuous battle related to the images was not lessened during the Cold War period, the result of which led to the boycott of each country in 1980 and 1984. The Olympics inflicted with political ideology did not achieve its ideal of contributing to the harmonious and peaceful world.

참고자료

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