한국 고대, 고려시대 京·外 차별과 수도의 위상 (Discrimination between the Capital(京) and outer regions(外), and the Status of the Capital city, in the Ancient and Medieval Periods of Korea)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 서울시립대학교 서울학연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 서울학연구 / 52호 / 1 ~ 31페이지
· 저자명 : 이익주

초록

Examined in this article, are the terms that were used to refer to the Capital city during the ancient ‘Three dynasties’ period as well as the Goryeo dynasty period. Also examined are certain systems which were utilized in maintaining the Capitals’ superior status, such as a hierarchy-based local administrative system, the Golpum system of Shilla and the Bon’gwan institution of Goryeo.
In the ancient and medieval periods of Korea, various terms such as Gyeong’seong(京城), Gyeong’do(京都), Gyeong’sa(京師), Do’seong(都城), Do’eub(都邑), Wang’gyeong(王京), Wang’do(王都), Wang’seong(王城) and Hwang’do(皇都) were randomly used to refer to the Capital. 『Samguk Sagi』, as well as the ‘Sega(世家)’ section(“Chronology section”) of 『Goryeo-sa』, show us hat during the Shilla period terms like ‘Gyeong’do’ and ‘Wang’do’ were more frequently used, while during the Goryeo period terms like ‘Gyeong’seong,’ ‘Wang’gyeong’ and ‘Gyeong’do’ were mostly used, and also in such order. It should be noted that the word ‘Wang’do’ was only used in referring to the capital of the late Shilla. And it is rather interesting to see that terms like ‘Gyeong’sa’ or ‘Hwang’do,’ which were used in East Asia to refer to the capital of a superior state entitling other states, which was imperial China in many cases, were used to refer to the captial of Goryeo. This should have been one of the results of the Goryeo people’s “plural view” upon the world order(多元的天下觀).
In case of Goguryeo and Baekje, according to the Geography section of 『Samguk Sagi』, terms like Heul’seung’gol-seong(紇升骨城), Guk’nae-seong(國內城), Pyeong’yang(平壤), and Jang’an-seong(長安城) were used for the Goguryeo capital, while terms like Wi’ryeseong(慰禮城), Hanseong(漢城), Wungcheon(熊川[Wungjin, 熊津]) and Soburi(所夫里[Sabi, 泗沘]) were used for the Baekje capital. Meanwhile, Shilla used the term “Geum’seong(金城)” after the unification. Goryeo called its own capital as “Gae’gyeong(開京)” since it was moved from the Cheol’weon area right after the dynasty’s foundation. It was a term which also distinguished itself from the ‘Gae’seong(開城)’ area which was also called “Gae’seong-bu” or “Gae’seong-hyeon.” But “Gae’gyeong” was changed to Gae’seongbu in the latter half period, and while ‘Gae’gyeong’ and ‘Gae’seong’ were used in different periods, in reality they were both used as words to refer to the capital.
In terms of the status and authority of the capital, it is here examined that the capitals of both Shilla and Goryeo had a distinctively authoritative status compared to the other regions. A hierarchy-based local administration system, as well as institutions like the Golpum system of Shilla or the Bon’gwan system of Goryeo, served as methods of distinguishing the capital from the other regions.
The ancient Three dynasties as well as Goryeo all designed a hierarchy-based local administrative system, and placed the capital at the center. All these countries did not establish either supplemental(陪都) or secondary capitals(別京), and did not divide its functions, so the status of the capital was higher than ever, while its functions were also stronger than ever. Added to that, all of these countries had different administrative systems for the capital and local regions. In case of the Three dynasties, the basic principle beneath the administrative structures of the capital and the local regions were different. The Capital was an administrative entity transformed from a Bu(部) unit which had been a political entity during the time of the dynasties’ foundation. On the other hand, the local areas were absorbed by the center later on, when the center was transforming itself into a centralized state which was beginning to rule its subjects in a more direct fashion. Goryeo as well established Gae’gyeong right after its foundation, and initiated the Five Bu units with Bang & Ri subunits(五部坊里制), in order to differentiate the inner structure of the capital from those of the other regions. The Capital city was at the height of a hierarchy structure, and with a status that was fairly different from other regions, boasted its unique and different nature.
Aside from the local administrative system, Shilla’s Golpum system and Goryeo’s Bon’gwan system too both distinguished the capital from the other regions, and enforced the superiority of the central capital. By these systems, the local regions were treated differently. In case of the Golpum system, there were subsystems for the Capital hierarchy(京位) and Local hierarchy(外位) respectively. Residents of the Six Bu units inside the capital(王京6部) received titles according to the former subsystem, while residents in local areas received titles according to the latter. This was because these Six units of the capital were components of the Saro-guk(斯盧國) entity, which later became the origin of the Shilla dynasty.
Operations of the Bon’gwan system of Goryeo were also based upon discriminative administration practices between Gun/Hyeon regions and Bu’gok-type regions, as well as between regions where central officials were dispatched and regions where they were not. In the meantime, the Gae’gyeong capital was above them all. Examined in this article is the relationship between the royal Wang house and the Gae’gyeong capital, and it is confirmed that the Wang house’s sole Bon’gwan region was Gae’gyeong, and Gae’gyeong had only one house which had Gae’gyeong as its Bon’gwan: the Wang house. There are some things that should be clarified in the future, but it cannot be denied that the Wang house and Gae’gyeong had a special relationship, under the Goryeo Bon’gwan system. Also, prevailed the Goryeo dynasty period was a Pungsu theory concerning the location of the capital(國都風水), which brought a holy image to Gae’gyeong and consolidated its superior status.
The Golpum system of Shilla and the Bon’gwan system of Goryeo all provided basic platforms for governing. And these two systems were based upon discrimination of local areas from the capital, and different statuses among local units. We can see the capitals’ unique and exclusive quality of was an institutionally guaranteed constant in both Shilla and Goryeo periods.
The Shilla Golpum system was more harsh in discriminating the local areas, compared to the Goryeo Bon’gwan system. It would be safe to assume that the discrimination between the capital and local areas might have diminished as time went on, from Shilla to Goryeo. In fact the Bon’gwan system continued to lose its relevance, as the Goryeo dynasty was entering its second half. And as the authority of the geomantic Pungsu theory was gradually losing its influence, both physical or philosophical foundation to maintain the capital’s exclusive authority was slipping away as well. Then, how such distinguished status of the capital would have been retained in the Joseon dynasty period, especially when its capital Han’yang was the first in the history of Korea to have had no meaningful connection with the dynasty’s royal family?Examination of the capitals of the ancient Three dynasties and also that of the Goryeo dynasty, we can see that their unique status and authority was maintained for a long time thanks to a hierarchy-based local administration system as well as unique institutions such as Golpum and Bon’gwan. Based on these historical facts, the quality as a capital(首都性), embedded in the Seoul city we have today, should be explored more. They may shed some light on the historical nature of the Seoul capital.

영어초록

Examined in this article, are the terms that were used to refer to the Capital city during the ancient ‘Three dynasties’ period as well as the Goryeo dynasty period. Also examined are certain systems which were utilized in maintaining the Capitals’ superior status, such as a hierarchy-based local administrative system, the Golpum system of Shilla and the Bon’gwan institution of Goryeo.
In the ancient and medieval periods of Korea, various terms such as Gyeong’seong(京城), Gyeong’do(京都), Gyeong’sa(京師), Do’seong(都城), Do’eub(都邑), Wang’gyeong(王京), Wang’do(王都), Wang’seong(王城) and Hwang’do(皇都) were randomly used to refer to the Capital. 『Samguk Sagi』, as well as the ‘Sega(世家)’ section(“Chronology section”) of 『Goryeo-sa』, show us hat during the Shilla period terms like ‘Gyeong’do’ and ‘Wang’do’ were more frequently used, while during the Goryeo period terms like ‘Gyeong’seong,’ ‘Wang’gyeong’ and ‘Gyeong’do’ were mostly used, and also in such order. It should be noted that the word ‘Wang’do’ was only used in referring to the capital of the late Shilla. And it is rather interesting to see that terms like ‘Gyeong’sa’ or ‘Hwang’do,’ which were used in East Asia to refer to the capital of a superior state entitling other states, which was imperial China in many cases, were used to refer to the captial of Goryeo. This should have been one of the results of the Goryeo people’s “plural view” upon the world order(多元的天下觀).
In case of Goguryeo and Baekje, according to the Geography section of 『Samguk Sagi』, terms like Heul’seung’gol-seong(紇升骨城), Guk’nae-seong(國內城), Pyeong’yang(平壤), and Jang’an-seong(長安城) were used for the Goguryeo capital, while terms like Wi’ryeseong(慰禮城), Hanseong(漢城), Wungcheon(熊川[Wungjin, 熊津]) and Soburi(所夫里[Sabi, 泗沘]) were used for the Baekje capital. Meanwhile, Shilla used the term “Geum’seong(金城)” after the unification. Goryeo called its own capital as “Gae’gyeong(開京)” since it was moved from the Cheol’weon area right after the dynasty’s foundation. It was a term which also distinguished itself from the ‘Gae’seong(開城)’ area which was also called “Gae’seong-bu” or “Gae’seong-hyeon.” But “Gae’gyeong” was changed to Gae’seongbu in the latter half period, and while ‘Gae’gyeong’ and ‘Gae’seong’ were used in different periods, in reality they were both used as words to refer to the capital.
In terms of the status and authority of the capital, it is here examined that the capitals of both Shilla and Goryeo had a distinctively authoritative status compared to the other regions. A hierarchy-based local administration system, as well as institutions like the Golpum system of Shilla or the Bon’gwan system of Goryeo, served as methods of distinguishing the capital from the other regions.
The ancient Three dynasties as well as Goryeo all designed a hierarchy-based local administrative system, and placed the capital at the center. All these countries did not establish either supplemental(陪都) or secondary capitals(別京), and did not divide its functions, so the status of the capital was higher than ever, while its functions were also stronger than ever. Added to that, all of these countries had different administrative systems for the capital and local regions. In case of the Three dynasties, the basic principle beneath the administrative structures of the capital and the local regions were different. The Capital was an administrative entity transformed from a Bu(部) unit which had been a political entity during the time of the dynasties’ foundation. On the other hand, the local areas were absorbed by the center later on, when the center was transforming itself into a centralized state which was beginning to rule its subjects in a more direct fashion. Goryeo as well established Gae’gyeong right after its foundation, and initiated the Five Bu units with Bang & Ri subunits(五部坊里制), in order to differentiate the inner structure of the capital from those of the other regions. The Capital city was at the height of a hierarchy structure, and with a status that was fairly different from other regions, boasted its unique and different nature.
Aside from the local administrative system, Shilla’s Golpum system and Goryeo’s Bon’gwan system too both distinguished the capital from the other regions, and enforced the superiority of the central capital. By these systems, the local regions were treated differently. In case of the Golpum system, there were subsystems for the Capital hierarchy(京位) and Local hierarchy(外位) respectively. Residents of the Six Bu units inside the capital(王京6部) received titles according to the former subsystem, while residents in local areas received titles according to the latter. This was because these Six units of the capital were components of the Saro-guk(斯盧國) entity, which later became the origin of the Shilla dynasty.
Operations of the Bon’gwan system of Goryeo were also based upon discriminative administration practices between Gun/Hyeon regions and Bu’gok-type regions, as well as between regions where central officials were dispatched and regions where they were not. In the meantime, the Gae’gyeong capital was above them all. Examined in this article is the relationship between the royal Wang house and the Gae’gyeong capital, and it is confirmed that the Wang house’s sole Bon’gwan region was Gae’gyeong, and Gae’gyeong had only one house which had Gae’gyeong as its Bon’gwan: the Wang house. There are some things that should be clarified in the future, but it cannot be denied that the Wang house and Gae’gyeong had a special relationship, under the Goryeo Bon’gwan system. Also, prevailed the Goryeo dynasty period was a Pungsu theory concerning the location of the capital(國都風水), which brought a holy image to Gae’gyeong and consolidated its superior status.
The Golpum system of Shilla and the Bon’gwan system of Goryeo all provided basic platforms for governing. And these two systems were based upon discrimination of local areas from the capital, and different statuses among local units. We can see the capitals’ unique and exclusive quality of was an institutionally guaranteed constant in both Shilla and Goryeo periods.
The Shilla Golpum system was more harsh in discriminating the local areas, compared to the Goryeo Bon’gwan system. It would be safe to assume that the discrimination between the capital and local areas might have diminished as time went on, from Shilla to Goryeo. In fact the Bon’gwan system continued to lose its relevance, as the Goryeo dynasty was entering its second half. And as the authority of the geomantic Pungsu theory was gradually losing its influence, both physical or philosophical foundation to maintain the capital’s exclusive authority was slipping away as well. Then, how such distinguished status of the capital would have been retained in the Joseon dynasty period, especially when its capital Han’yang was the first in the history of Korea to have had no meaningful connection with the dynasty’s royal family?Examination of the capitals of the ancient Three dynasties and also that of the Goryeo dynasty, we can see that their unique status and authority was maintained for a long time thanks to a hierarchy-based local administration system as well as unique institutions such as Golpum and Bon’gwan. Based on these historical facts, the quality as a capital(首都性), embedded in the Seoul city we have today, should be explored more. They may shed some light on the historical nature of the Seoul capital.

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