서양 중세 두 검(Two Swords) 이론의 근대적 형상화 (Modern Transformation of the Two Swords Ideas in the Middle Ages)

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초록

This article attempts to understand the meaning of the “Two Swords” idea of the Middle Ages, and its course of transition and integration into the modern political concept. The letter Duo Sunt which was sent to the Byzantine emperor Anasthasius I (491-518) by Pope Gelasius I (492-496) and the Two Swords doctrine which was conceived by the medieval canonists and theologians served to establish the legal authority of the Church over its conflict with sacerdotal and secular powers in the Middle Ages.
From the perspective of the Roman Church, the Two Swords represented the sovereignty of the Church over spiritual and secular powers and viewed this order to be completely consistent with the papal Plenitudo Potestatis. As with Saint Augustine’s interpretation of natural law, this hierarchy of power sustained that governments and laws derive their authority from God and all the rulers, therefore were subjects of the supreme Ruler.
In the late thirteenth century, the medieval understanding and notion of the “Two Swords” or the “two powers” radically transformed under the influence of Aristotelian philosophy. Thomas Aquinas advocated the existence of a natural harmony between faith and reason through his efforts in uniting the Aristotelian philosophy with the principles of Christian theology – which subsequently lead to the emergence of radical and progressive intellectuals.
John of Paris asserted the papal authority only to the spiritual jurisdiction, while insisting that powers on all secular affairs remained with secular rulers. This view greatly emasculated the medieval tradition and the idea of Two Swords that identified spiritual and secular powers with the Pope.
Marsilius of Padua who was under the strong influence of Aristotle’s works denied the papal political sovereignty and his coercive jurisdiction. Moreover he held that general council which was consist of people was infallible, but not the Pope and consequently supported “popular sovereignty” – that spiritual powers were to be exercised by a general council.
Through the works of these progressive political philosophers the idea of Two Swords evolved from its medieval roots to the shape of modern political conception.

영어초록

This article attempts to understand the meaning of the “Two Swords” idea of the Middle Ages, and its course of transition and integration into the modern political concept. The letter Duo Sunt which was sent to the Byzantine emperor Anasthasius I (491-518) by Pope Gelasius I (492-496) and the Two Swords doctrine which was conceived by the medieval canonists and theologians served to establish the legal authority of the Church over its conflict with sacerdotal and secular powers in the Middle Ages.
From the perspective of the Roman Church, the Two Swords represented the sovereignty of the Church over spiritual and secular powers and viewed this order to be completely consistent with the papal Plenitudo Potestatis. As with Saint Augustine’s interpretation of natural law, this hierarchy of power sustained that governments and laws derive their authority from God and all the rulers, therefore were subjects of the supreme Ruler.
In the late thirteenth century, the medieval understanding and notion of the “Two Swords” or the “two powers” radically transformed under the influence of Aristotelian philosophy. Thomas Aquinas advocated the existence of a natural harmony between faith and reason through his efforts in uniting the Aristotelian philosophy with the principles of Christian theology – which subsequently lead to the emergence of radical and progressive intellectuals.
John of Paris asserted the papal authority only to the spiritual jurisdiction, while insisting that powers on all secular affairs remained with secular rulers. This view greatly emasculated the medieval tradition and the idea of Two Swords that identified spiritual and secular powers with the Pope.
Marsilius of Padua who was under the strong influence of Aristotle’s works denied the papal political sovereignty and his coercive jurisdiction. Moreover he held that general council which was consist of people was infallible, but not the Pope and consequently supported “popular sovereignty” – that spiritual powers were to be exercised by a general council.
Through the works of these progressive political philosophers the idea of Two Swords evolved from its medieval roots to the shape of modern political conception.

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